Effects of tetracycline, sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone, and lincosamide load in pig slurry on lettuce: Agricultural and human health implications.

The application of pig slurry as fertilizer in agriculture provides nutrients, but it can also contain veterinary medicines, including antibiotic residues (ABs), which can have an ecotoxicological impact on agroecosystems. Furthermore, uptake, translocation, and accumulation of ABs in crops can mobilize them throughout the food chain. This greenhouse study aims to assess AB uptake from soil fertilized with pig slurry and its phenotypical effects on Lactuca sativa L. The plants were cropped in loamy clay soil dosed at 140 kg total N/ha and containing antibiotics (lincomycin, sulfadiazine, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin) at different concentration levels (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg fresh weight, fw). Whereas sulfadiazine (11.8 ng/g fw) was detected in lettuce leaves at the intermediate doses (0.5 mg/kg), lincomycin and its transformation products (hydroxy/sulfate) were only detected at the 50 mg/kg fw dose. In addition, increased AB doses in the pig slurry resulted in decreased lettuce fresh weight and lipid and carbohydrate content and became lethal to lettuce at the highest AB concentrations (500 mg/kg fw). Nevertheless, even at higher doses, the AB content in lettuce following pig-slurry fertilization did not pose any direct significant human health risk (total hazard quotient<0.01). However, the promotion of antimicrobial resistance in humans due to the intake of these vegetables cannot be ruled out.

Occurrence of antibiotics in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) following organic soil fertilisation under plot-scale conditions: Crop and human health implications.

Recent studies have demonstrated the crop uptake of antibiotics (ABs) from soils treated with AB-carrying fertilisers. However, there is a lack of plot-scale studies linking their effects at the agronomic and metabolomic/transcriptomic level to their impact on human health. This paper assesses the plant uptake of 23 ABs following two productive cycles of lettuce and radish cropped with sewage sludge, pig slurry, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, or chemical fertilisation under plot-scale conditions (32 plots spanning 3-10 m2 each). AB uptake by plants depended on both the vegetable and the AB class and was higher in radish than in lettuce edible parts. Levels ranged from undetectable to up to 76 ng/g (fresh weight). Repetitive organic fertilisation resulted in an increase in the concentration of ABs in lettuce leaves, but not in radish roots. Significant metabolomic and transcriptomic changes were observed following soil fertilisation. Nevertheless, a human health risk assessment indicates that the occurrence of ABs in lettuce or radish edible parts does not pose any risk. To our knowledge, this is the first holistic plot-scale study demonstrating that the use of organic fertilisers containing ABs is safe for crop security and human health.

[Sensing anomalies with the VVI pacemaker. Clinical study by Holter]. / Anomalías de sensado en marcapasos VVI. Estudio clínico con Holter.

Defective sensing incidence is controversial. It has rarely been assessed by Holter in series of consecutive patients. Holter was used in 59 cases (84% of implants over 9 months) with a follow-up of between 7 and 19 months. The generators came from 2 manufacturers, 44 unipolar and 15 bipolar, with standard sensitivity level and in VVI with rates covering up the patient's own rythm. Results. Unipolar: all asymptomatic registration and two symptomatic in the follow-up. There were myopotential inhibitions in 31 (70%), but only in 6% lasted over 2,000 msec, there were less than 16 episodes in 94% of cases distributed along the day with an increase between 6 am and 3 pm, and absent from 4 to 6 am. In six (14%) there were inhibitions and reversion to asynchronous.+ pacing with the R on T phenomenon and non conducted artifacts in four; in one case the asynchronous stimulation occurred over sinus rhythm. Undersensing was confirmed in four (9%) but in three was caused by PVC. Bipolar: all were asymptomatic and without sensing anomalies. Conclusions. The high incidence of asymptomatic oversensing in unipolar generators limits Holter's value in the diagnosis of symptomatic cases by myopotential interference. Its routine use for detecting anomalies in sensing seems inadvisable. The reversion to asynchronic functioning is not unusual and could be a potentially provocative mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias.