[Neuroendocrine cervicofacial tumors. Revision and report of six cases]. / Tumores neuroendocrinos cervicofaciales. Revisión a propósito de seis casos.

The neuroendocrine cervicofacial tumors are proliferative infrequent process in head and neck but no exceptional. They possess a common origin from the cells derivided from the neural crest, that today gathered on the term of neuroendocrine diffuse system (SNED). Incidentally several associated tumors appear, synchronically or metachronically and some of them possess secretor character. We present the clinic cases of 6 patients, with 6 different types of tumor in head and neck, with the common link to belong to SNED. We analyse their clinical diagnostic characteristics, evolution and treatment.

[Presumption diagnosis: otomycosis. A 451 patients study]. / Diagnóstico de presunción: otomicosis. Estudio de 451 pacientes.

Otomycosis is a common disease. We try to analyze the causative factors for otomycosis in our environment. Our study includes 451 patients with a presumed diagnosis of otomycosis. The patients were included by ear, nose and throat specialist and general doctors; the diagnosis was confirmed in 24.43% and 16.16% respectively. The most common fungal pathogen found was Aspergillus spp. and Candida sp. The high frecuency of Aspergillus Niger may be because of the diferent ways of gathering samples. The abundance of Candida parapsilosis in the samples that came from general doctors may be because the inadequate treatment with topic antibiotics contributes fungal proliferation. We conclude that the causative factors for otomycosis could be avoided or treated. Treatment with antifungal agents is not enought to ensure complete cure, an furthermore the treatment should be aimed to restore the physiology of the external auditory cannal.

[The ductal parotid carcinoma. A rare malignant neoplasm]. / Carcinoma ductal de parótida. Una neoplasia maligna infrecuente.

The annual incidence of parotid neoplasms are between 0,4-13,5 for 100.000 people, almost the fourth part of it with malignant histology. The ductal parotid carcinoma has a lower incidence and a high malignancy. In the last years, the imaging advances permit a better therapeutical approach, facilitating the realisation of more complex surgical techniques. We present a male patient 76 years old with a ductal parotid carcinoma affecting all the gland and contacting the mastoid. We insist that precise preoperatory exams of the tumorals lesions of the parotid area are important for an adequate surgical interpretation and to try a complexe extirpation.

[Small-cell laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma. A case report and review of literature]. / Carcinoma neuroendocrino de células pequeñas localizadas en la laringe. Presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura.

A case of small-cell carcinoma of larynx was diagnosed in a 48-year-old man. This is an unusual laryngeal carcinoma (the incidence is lower than 1% of all carcinomata in this location). We analyzed some clinical and histopathological aspects of these carcinomata and some prognostic and therapeutic factors. A bibliographic review was made.

[A study of spontaneous regeneration of defected short nerve gaps in rats]. / Estudio de la regeneración espontánea en defectos nerviosos de poca longitud en ratas.

Nerve trunk gaps can be repaired with different anastomosis methods. We investigate if spontaneous regeneration can yield results similar to artificial repair, and have compared the degree of nerve regeneration in nerve defects of extratemporal facial nerve trunk in Wistar rats. The lesions measured 4 millimeters long. Three groups were studied: 0. Normal nerve (control). 1. No treatment (therapeutic abstention). 2. Autografts. The considered parameters were: clinical outcome (degree of postoperative facial function, aspect of the defectuous region, nerve conduction latency, and number of axons that managed to penetrate the defect as well as their morphometric characteristics (nerve area). Our conclusion is that in this model placement of autografts yielded significantly better results in all the parameters studied, in spite of the scant defect length. These results likewise allow us to use this model to compare repair by means of different graft types.

[Anatomical variation of the helix root (Radicis Helicis)]. / Variaciones anatómicas de la raíz del hélix (Radicis Helicis).

The root of the helix is not a smooth structure and morphologically constant but shows a series of irregularities, which are described in this article. 288 patients were aleatory studied and found some prominences, localized on the root of the helix. There are two tubercules--upper and lower--and one cleft or groove facing the lower branch of the antehelix. We report these variants as well as the prevalences dues to the age and sex.

[Repair of facial nerve gaps with cryopreserved allografts in rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A]. / Reparación de lesiones del nervio facial mediante aloinjertos criopreservados en ratas inmunodeprimidas con ciclosporina A.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of peripheral nerve allografts pretreated utilizing cold storage and cyclosporin A to improve the facial nerve regeneration in Wistar rat. Three groups were designed: Normal Wistar rats. 4 millimeters nerve gaps repaired with cryopreserved nerve allografts. 4 millimeters nerve gaps repaired with cryopreserved nerve grafts and treated with cyclosporin A. At 16 weeks post-engraftment the animals were evaluated: Facial palsy grading system. Electrophysiologic latency. Axonal counting. Nervous fiber area immediately distal to the graft. The facial function of the experimental groups was similar to the control rats while the latency and morphometric parameters was poor than the normal rats. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Cryopreserved nerve allografts in facial nerve repair in rats are useful in the aquisition of a facial functional nerve recovery as much in immunosuppressed animal as not. 2. Cryopreservation of nerve allografts results a good method of storage of nerve grafts. 3. Cyclosporin A immunosuppression improved not much the grading facial palsy in this model but the electrophysiologic and morphometry is significantly better.

[Evaluation methods of the degree of regeneration after experimental nerve repair. Evaluation model for the facial nerve in rats]. / Métodos de evaluación del grado de regeneración tras reparación nerviosa experimental. Valoración de un modelo en el nervio facial de la rata.

The AA. after sever the facial nerve trunk of Wistar mice (so interrupting its path owing to the loss of about 4 mm of its anatomical continuity) repair the faulty portion with several grafts, and 4 months later consider the gained results achieved in each of the following parameters: functional, morphological, biochemical and electrophysiological and, finally, compare the own outcomes with bibliographic references of literature regarding this subject.

[Cryopreservation of neural allografts for the nerve reconstruction in experimental surgery]. / Criopreservación de aloneuroinjertos para reconstrucción nerviosa en cirugía experimental.

The possibility of clinical employment of nervous allografts depends on the likehood of its storage and also of the need of decreasing its antigenecity. We report our methodology for cryo-preservation and storage of nervous grafts, in view of animal experimentation as well as a re-examination of other methods in order to remember grafts storages done in previous epochs.

[Prospective follow-up of 27 tumors of the oropharynx]. / Seguimiento prospectivo de 27 tumores de la orofaringe.

The diagnosis of an oropharyngeal tumor should be simple because the site is easily accessible. However, these tumors are not often diagnosed is early stages, even when lesions are visible. We followed-up 27 oropharyngeal tumors from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1997. Etiological data, the characteristics of the problem leading to diagnosis, and time from symptoms to definitive diagnosis were studied. Histopathological differentiation and stage determination were analyzed. Therapeutic strategy and post-treatment evolution were studied, among other parameters. Our results suggest that the most important etiopathogenic factors in the development of oropharyngeal carcinoma were alcohol and tobacco use, to effects of which are potentiated at this site. The most frequent primary oropharyngeal site was the tonsils in 58% of patients. Treatment of each tumor should be individualized. The general prognosis is poor because 40% of patients are stage IV.

[Retropharyngeal abscess: report of 2 cases]. / Absceso retrofaríngeo: a propósito de dos casos.

Retropharyngeal abscesses are uncommon and their frequency has decreased since the development of antibiotics. It is important to recognize this serious condition in order to begin treatment promptly. The causes of these processes differ in children and adults, as do the symptoms of presentation. Lateral cervical radiography and CT are diagnostic in only a few cases. Treatment is abscess drainage. Two cases of retropharyngeal abscess are reported. The first case occurred in a child and was due to infection of Waldeyer's lymphatic ring. The second occurred in an adult as a result of foreign body trauma.

[Anatomic considerations in relation to the importance of the external branch of the spinal nerve in surgery on the posterior cervical triangle]. / Consideraciones anatómicas sobre la importancia de la rama externa del nervio espinal en la cirugía del triángulo posterior del cuello.

The integrity of the spinal accessory nerve plays an important role in cervicofacial surgery since the majority of surgical approaches involve this structure. The resection of the spinal accessory nerve leads to the so-called <> mainly due to the denervation of the trapezius. This syndrome is characterised by the onset of regional pain, functional deficit and deformation of the shoulder joint. The anatomy of the accessory nerve is defined in the light of 93 functional neck dissections with particular regard to the following aspects: its relation with the internal jugular vein, its relation with the sternocleidomastoid muscle (ECM) and mastoid tip and its anastomoses with the cervical plexus.

[Pediculated flaps: experimental study]. / Colgajos pediculados: estudio experimental.

Seventy dorsal flaps were created in rabbits: 18 cutaneous pedicled flaps and 7 cutaneous free flaps: 23 myocutaneous pedicled flaps and 22 myocutaneous free flaps. Flap viability was compared and its predictability using subjective and objective tests was evaluated. Pedicled flaps had a better survival rate. Cutaneous fluorescence was useful for predicting flap viability.