RESUMO
Collaborative nursing research is an effective means to increase research productivity. The essentials of collaborative research are contribution, communication, commitment, consensus, compatibility, and a cohesive approach toward a positive outcome. The purpose of the demonstration project was to describe a collaborative process in one community, culminating in a research utilization study and development of nursing standards pertaining to an aggregate population of patients.
Assuntos
Pesquisa em Enfermagem Clínica/métodos , Pesquisa em Enfermagem Clínica/organização & administração , Comportamento Cooperativo , Especialidades de Enfermagem , Coleta de Dados , Hospitais Comunitários , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of 2 standard methods (i.e., twill tape versus adhesive tape) of securement on unplanned extubation, oral mucosa, and facial skin integrity of the orally intubated patient. DESIGN: A prospective, quasi-experimental design was used for the pilot study. SETTING: The setting for the pilot study included critical care units of 3 community hospitals and 1 veterans' hospital in a midwestern city. SUBJECTS: A total of 52 orally intubated adult subjects were enrolled in the study from the 4 clinical sites over a 6-month period of time. The participants in the study consisted of 30 men and 22 women. The subjects ranged in age from 22 to 85 years, with a mean age of 62.3 years. The mean length of intubation was 89.6 hours. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures of the study were (1) unplanned extubation, (2) oral mucosa status, and (3) facial skin integrity. INTERVENTIONS: Endotracheal tube securement with either the twill tape or the adhesive tape securement method. RESULTS: With use of multiple analysis of variances (MANOVA) and repeated analyses of variances (ANOVAs), there were no significant differences by time or type of endotracheal tube securement method on oral mucosa or facial skin integrity. A chi-square analysis demonstrated no significant association between the 2 types of endotracheal tube securement when comparing their efficacy in preventing unplanned extubation. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot study demonstrated both methods of endotracheal tube securement to be comparable in preventing unplanned extubation and in maintaining oral mucosa status and facial skin integrity.
Assuntos
Adesivos , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Adesivos/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Face , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa Bucal/fisiopatologia , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Pele/fisiopatologiaAssuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Reserpina/farmacologia , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Masculino , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Nialamida/farmacologia , Pentobarbital/farmacologia , Propilenoglicóis/farmacologia , Ratos , Tempo de Reação/efeitos dos fármacos , Autoestimulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Tetrabenazina/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Rats were exposed to a series of targets in a shock induced aggression situation. Control rats fought most with moving targets, such as another normal rat, and did not attack immobile targets, such as a dead rat or a rat model. Rats treated with 15 mg mescaline/kg showed a similar pattern of target control though they bit frequently while controls did not bite. Rats treated with 50 mg/kg delivered vigorous biting attacks to a variety of targets but fought most with the immobile dead rat. They failed to attack only the rat model. Much of the data were consistent with the hypothesis that mescaline releases aggressive behavior from inhibitory control, leading to longer and more vigorous attacks on a wider variety of targets. This hypothesis, however, failed to explain why stationary targets were more effective for animals treated with 50 mg mescaline/kg while only moving targets were effective for controls.
Assuntos
Agressão/efeitos dos fármacos , Mescalina/farmacologia , Animais , Eletrochoque , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Estimulação Química , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Condicionamento Operante , Masculino , RatosRESUMO
Stimulation at several mesencephalic and diencephalic sites abolished responsiveness to intense pain in rats while leaving responsiveness to other sensory modes relatively unaffected. The peripheral field of analgesia was usually restricted to one-half or to one quadrant of the body, and painful stimuli applied outside this field elicited a normal reaction. Analgesia outlasted stimulation by up to 5 minutes. Most electrode placements that produced analgesia also supported self-stimulation. One placement supported self-stimulation only in the presence of pain.
Assuntos
Analgesia , Diencéfalo/fisiologia , Estimulação Elétrica , Mesencéfalo/fisiologia , Agressão , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Mapeamento Encefálico , Tronco Encefálico/fisiologia , Eletrodos Implantados , Reação de Fuga , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Autoestimulação , Tegmento Mesencefálico , Tálamo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Rats were trained to eat free food from a dish, then trained to press a lever for similar food. The free food was then presented while subjects were pressing on several reinforcement schedules. Subjects continued to press for reinforcement when one or two presses were required for reinforcement, and ate little free food. When ten presses were required for reinforcement, rats preferred free food and pressed little or not at all. It was concluded that, when work demands are not too high, rats prefer earned food to free food.
