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Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, is a crop legume that produces the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin. In the legumes Lotus japonicus and Trifolium repens, the biosynthesis of these two α-hydroxynitrile glucosides involves cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP79 and CYP736 families and a UDP-glucosyltransferase. Here, we identify CYP79D71 as the first enzyme of the pathway in P. lunatus, producing oximes from valine and isoleucine. A second CYP79 family member, CYP79D72, was shown to catalyze the formation of leucine-derived oximes, which act as volatile defense compounds in Phaseolus spp. The organization of the biosynthetic genes for cyanogenic glucosides in a gene cluster aided their identification in L. japonicus. In the available genome sequence of P. vulgaris, the gene orthologous to CYP79D71 is adjacent to a member of the CYP83 family. Although P. vulgaris is not cyanogenic, it does produce oximes as volatile defense compounds. We cloned the genes encoding two CYP83s (CYP83E46 and CYP83E47) and a UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT85K31) from P. lunatus, and these genes combined form a complete biosynthetic pathway for linamarin and lotaustralin in Lima bean. Within the genus Phaseolus, the occurrence of linamarin and lotaustralin as functional chemical defense compounds appears restricted to species belonging to the closely related Polystachios and Lunatus groups. A preexisting ability to produce volatile oximes and nitriles likely facilitated evolution of cyanogenesis within the Phaseolus genus.
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Objetivo Este artículo presentauna visión del territorio, en la media montaña del trópico andino, a partir del proceso de ocupación antrópica y paulatina de las cuencas hidrográficas, que se transforman en cuencas urbanas, transformación que va relegando la cobertura vegetal hacia la periferia y en las áreas no accesibles para la acción urbanizadora, ocasionando un impacto en la cobertura verde, en la producción de oxígeno y por lo tanto en la biodiversidad; desestabilizando el ecosistema. Metodología Consisteen el análisis multitemporal,mediante aerofotografías y cartografía de diferentes épocas, con procesos digitales y software de SIG y con la aplicación de un ejercicio de medición matemático,ejerciciorealizado en la cuenca de San Luis de la ciudad de Manizales. Resultados El análisis presenta resultadossobre el avance urbanístico en la cuenca San Luis y la disminución de la cobertura vegetal, con influencia en pérdida de producción de oxígeno, aplicando mediciones que tienen en cuenta las características altitudinales del lugar, el impacto solar en la vegetación. Conclusiones Los procesos de urbanización van eliminando las áreas verdes de la ciudad, de manera que reduce la posibilidad de fijación de C02en los arboles, provocando pérdidas de aporte de oxígeno, aumento de temperaturas, disminución de cauces de agua y de biodiversidad entre otros aspectos.
Objective This article presents an overview of the territory in the Andean tropical medium altitude mountains from the gradual human occupation process in the watersheds which are transformed into urban basins, a transformation that relegates vegetation cover to the periphery and areas not accessible to the urbanizing action, causing an impact on the green cover, in the production of oxygen and therefore in biodiversity thus making the ecosystem unstable. Methodology The methodology consists of multi-temporal analysis, using aerial photography and mapping different times, with digital processing and GIS software and the application of a mathematical measurement exercise in the San Luis Basin in the city of Manizales. Results The analysis presents results on urban progress in San Luis basin and decreased vegetation cover, influencing oxygen production loss, using measurements that take into account the altitude of the place, the solar impact on vegetation. Conclusions Urbanization processes are eliminating the green areas of the city, in such a way that the chance of C02 fixation in the trees is reduced, causing loss of oxygen supply, increased temperatures, decreased waterways and biodiversity among others.
Assuntos
Humanos , Bacias Hidrográficas , Fotografação , Mapeamento Geográfico , HomeostaseRESUMO
A novel description of interference and diffraction with fields in arbitrary states of spatial coherence is introduced in the framework of the phase-space representation. The field is modeled as produced by radiant and virtual point sources. The first ones emit the radiant power of the field, independently of its spatial coherence state, and the second ones emit the modulating energy in strong dependence on such state. This energy can take on positive and negative values that produce the interference and diffraction patterns after adding them to the radiant energy. Radiant and virtual point sources at a given plane can be arranged over two distinct layers, which can be brought together to provide a unified structure of point sources for the field at such plane. So, the coincidence of specific radiant and virtual sources at the same point induces a further type: the dual point source. Descriptions of diffraction arrangements, Young's experiment with diffraction effects, and some implications of this model are discussed.
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Se aborda aquí la dignidad humana partiendo del reconocimiento de la unidad y multiplicidad ontológica y axiológica de la condición personas del ser humano; sólo así es posible invocar la conciencia moral de la humanidad para postular y construir un mundo humano simultáneamente común y diverso en dignidad para todos. Pero cómo compatibilizar un mundo diverso y común con las divergencias típicas de la pluralidad. Se intentará plantear algunas líneas de desarrollo en solución de estas disyuntivas invocando algunos pasajes de la ética kantiana que recoge el filósofo español Aranguren.
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Humanos , Bioética/educação , Bioética/tendências , Consciência , Diversidade CulturalRESUMO
Se presenta un panorama general del concepto ciencia abordando el estudio de algunos modelos epistemologicos.
