RESUMO
Previous research has found that lower limb muscle asymmetries increase with age and are linked to fall and injury risks. However, past studies lack a wide variety of muscle function modes and measures as well as comparison to a comparable younger age group. The purpose of this study was to examine age-related lower limb muscle function asymmetries across a variety of muscle action types and velocities in young and old adults. Lower limb balance, strength, power, and velocity were evaluated with concentric, isometric, isotonic, and eccentric muscle actions during a single-leg stance test and on single- and multi-joint dynamometers in 29 young (age = 21.45 ± 3.02) and 23 old (age = 77.00 ± 4.60) recreationally active men and women. Most (15 of 17) variables showed no statistical (p > 0.05) or functional (10% threshold) limb asymmetry for either age group. There was a significant main effect (p = 0.046; collapsed across groups) found for asymmetry (dominant > non-dominant) for the isotonic peak velocity variable. There was a significant (p = 0.010) group × limb interaction for single-joint concentric peak power produced at a slow (60 deg/s) velocity due to the non-dominant limb of the young group being 12.2% greater than the dominant limb (p < 0.001), whereas the old group was not asymmetrical (p = 0.965). The findings of this investigation indicate there is largely no age-related asymmetry of the lower limbs across a range of muscle function-related variables and modes, with a couple of notable exceptions. Also, the significant asymmetries for the isotonic peak velocity variable perhaps show the sensitivity of this uncommonly used measure in detecting minimally present muscle function imbalances.
RESUMO
Sleep disturbances are common, affecting over half of adults with a mental disorder. For those admitted to a psychiatric ward, difficulties with sleep, particularly insomnia, are compounded by factors relating to the inpatient setting. We conducted a scoping review of sleep intervention studies involving adults admitted to psychiatric settings. We categorised the different types of sleep interventions and identified the effects on sleep and other mental and physical health outcomes. Instruments used to measure sleep were also examined. The search strategy yielded 4780 studies, of which 28 met the inclusion criteria. There was evidence of more non-pharmacological than pharmacological interventions having been tested in inpatient settings. Results indicated that non-pharmacological interventions based on cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia improve sleep and may improve mental and physical health. Several distinct sleep measures were used in the studies. Gaps in the literature were identified, highlighting the importance of research into a wider range of sleep interventions tested against robust controls, using validated measures of sleep with evaluation of additional mental and physical health outcomes among a large sample size of adults in the psychiatric inpatient settings.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The scoping review aims to identify how sleep is measured and what sleep interventions are used effectively in psychiatric inpatient settings. Potential barriers to measuring sleep in inpatient settings will be classified. INTRODUCTION: Polysomnography has shown that poor sleep is associated with emotional, cognitive, and somatic changes, as well as increased risks in suicide ideation and aggression. People with mental illness often experience sleep disturbances and believe the psychiatric inpatient environment contributes to sleep problems. The use of sleep interventions has been studied widely in general inpatient wards; less is known of similar interventions in psychiatric inpatient settings. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will include studies that focus on the effectiveness of sleep interventions for adults in any psychiatric inpatient setting. Studies that focus solely on sleep apnea, parasomnias, or restless legs syndrome will be excluded. METHODS: A literature search of PsycINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar will be conducted. Studies identified will be screened and examined against the eligibility criteria. Only studies published in English will be considered, and there will be no date limitation applied to the search. Eligible studies will be assessed for risk of bias and relevant data will be extracted to answer the review questions. Extracted data will be presented in narrative and tabular formats.
