Hydration Enthalpies of Ba(2+)(H2O)x, x = 1-8: A Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Computational Investigation.

The sequential bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of Ba(2+)(H2O)x complexes, where x = 1-8, are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The electrospray ionization source generates complexes ranging in size from x = 6 to x = 8 with smaller complexes, x = 1-5, formed by an in-source fragmentation technique. The only products observed result from sequential loss of water ligands. Charge separation, a process in which both hydrated singly charged barium hydroxide and hydronium ion are formed, was not observed except for Ba(2+)(H2O)3 yielding BaOH(+) + H5O2(+). Modeling of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections, taking into account the number of collisions, energy distributions, and lifetime effects for both primary and secondary water loss, provides 0 K BDEs. Experimental thermochemistry for the x = 1-3 complexes is obtained here for the first time. Hydration enthalpies and reaction coordinate pathways for charge separation are also examined computationally at several levels of theory. Our experimental and computational work are in excellent agreement in the x = 1-6 range. The present experimental values and theoretical calculations are also in reasonable agreement with the available literature values for experiment, x = 4-8, and theory, x = 1-6. Of the numerous calculations performed in the current study, B3LYP/DHF/def2-TZVPP calculations including counterpoise corrections reproduce our experimental values the best, although MP2(full)/DHF/def2-TZVPP//B3LYP/DHF/def2-TZVPP results are comparable.

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of hydrated magnesium: experimental and theoretical investigation of the binding energies for Mg(2+)(H2O)x complexes (x=2-10).

The sequential bond energies of Mg(2+)(H2O)x complexes, in which x=2-10, are measured by threshold collision-induced dissociation in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. From an electrospray ionization source that produces an initial distribution of Mg(2+)(H2O)x complexes in which x=7-10, complexes down to x=3 are formed by using an in-source fragmentation technique. Complexes smaller than Mg(2+)(H2O)3 cannot be formed in this source because charge separation into MgOH(+)(H2O) and H3O(+) is a lower-energy pathway than simple water loss from Mg(2+)(H2O)3. The kinetic energy dependent cross sections for dissociation of Mg(2+)(H2O)x complexes, in which x=3-10, are examined over a wide energy range to monitor all dissociation products and are modeled to obtain 0 and 298 K binding energies. Analysis of both primary and secondary water molecule losses from each sized complex provides thermochemistry for the sequential hydration energies of Mg(2+) for x=2-10 and the first experimental values for x=2-4. Additionally, the thermodynamic onsets leading to the charge-separation products from Mg(2+)(H2O)3 and Mg(2+)(H2O)4 are determined for the first time. Our experimental results for x=3-7 agree well with quantum chemical calculations performed here and previously calculated binding enthalpies, as well as previous measurements for x=6. The present values for x=7-10 are slightly lower than previous experimental results and theory, but within experimental uncertainties.

Experimental investigation of the complete inner shell hydration energies of Ca2+: threshold collision-induced dissociation of Ca(2+)(H2O)x Complexes (x = 2-8).

The sequential bond energies of Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(x) complexes, where x = 1-8, are measured by threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. From an electrospray ionization source that produces an initial distribution of Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(x) complexes where x = 6-8, complexes down to x = 2 are formed using an in-source fragmentation technique. Ca(2+)(H(2)O) cannot be formed in this source because charge separation into CaOH(+) and H(3)O(+) is a lower energy pathway than simple water loss from Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(2). The kinetic energy dependent cross sections for dissociation of Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(x) complexes, where x = 2-9, are examined over a wide energy range to monitor all dissociation products and are modeled to obtain 0 and 298 K binding energies. Analysis of both primary and secondary water molecule losses from each sized complex provides thermochemistry for the sequential hydration energies of Ca(2+) for x = 1-8 and the first experimental values for x = 1-4. Additionally, the thermodynamic onsets leading to the charge separation products from Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(2) and Ca(2+)(H(2)O)(3) are determined for the first time. Our experimental results for x = 1-6 agree well with previously calculated binding enthalpies as well as quantum chemical calculations performed here. Agreement for x = 1 is improved when the basis set on calcium includes core correlation.

Infrared spectroscopy of divalent zinc and cadmium crown ether systems.

The gas-phase structures of transition-metal dication (Zn(2+) and Cd(2+)) complexes with varying sized crown ethers, 12-crown-4 (12c4), 15-crown-5 (15c5), and 18-crown-6 (18c6), are investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. The measured spectra span the 750-1600 cm(-1) infrared range, utilizing light generated by a free electron laser, and are compared to predicted spectra calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) or B3LYP/Def2TZVP levels of theory. Spectra with the largest and most flexible crown ether, 18c6, indicate that the crown is highly distorted, wrapping in a tight cage-like structure around both dications studied. The 15c5 adopts a folded orientation for the Zn(2+) complex yet is almost planar when complexed with the larger Cd(2+) ion. The Zn(2+)(12c4) spectrum has bands appearing at lower frequencies than the other systems, consistent with an open conformation such that the metal is exposed, lying above the center of mass of the crown ether ring. The open structures of the Zn(2+)(12c4) and Cd(2+)(15c5) complexes have implications for solvent interactions in the condensed phase. The conformation of each metal-crown complex is highly dependent on metal size, charge, and crown ether flexibility, such that a delicate balance of minimizing the metal-oxygen bond lengths but maximizing the oxygen-oxygen distances arises. These competing influences are reflected in both the spectra and lowest-energy conformations.

Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of cationized methionine: effects of alkali-metal cation size on gas-phase conformation.

The gas-phase structures of alkali-metal cation complexes of the amino acid methionine (Met) as well as protonated methionine are investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser. Spectra of Li(+)(Met) and Na(+)(Met) are similar and relatively simple, whereas the spectra of K(+)(Met), Rb(+)(Met), and Cs(+)(Met) include distinctive new bands. Measured IRMPD spectra are compared to spectra calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory to identify the conformations present in the experimental studies. For Li(+) and Na(+) complexes, the only conformation present is a charge-solvated, tridentate structure that binds the metal cation to the amine and carbonyl groups of the amino acid backbone and the sulfur atom of the side chain, [N,CO,S]. In addition to the [N,CO,S] conformer, bands corresponding to alkali-metal cation binding to a bidentate zwitterionic structure, [CO(2)(-)], are clearly present for the K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) complexes. Theoretical calculations of the lowest energy conformations of Rb(+) and Cs(+) complexes suggest that the experimental spectra could also include contributions from two additional charge-solvated structures, tridentate [COOH,S] and bidentate [COOH]. For H(+)(Met), the IRMPD action spectrum is reproduced by multiple low-energy [N,CO,S] conformers, in which the protonated amine group hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygen atom and the sulfur atom of the amino acid side chain. These [N,CO,S] conformers only differ in their side-chain orientations.

An experimental and theoretical study of alkali metal cation interactions with cysteine.

The interactions of alkali metal cations (M(+) = Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+)) with the amino acid cysteine (Cys) are examined in detail. Experimentally, bond energies are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation of the M(+)(Cys) complexes with xenon in a guided ion beam mass spectrometer. Analyses of the energy dependent cross sections provide 0 K bond energies of 2.65 +/- 0.12, 1.83 +/- 0.05, 1.25 +/- 0.03, and 1.06 +/- 0.03 eV for complexes of Cys with Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and Rb(+), respectively. All bond energy determinations include consideration of unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion-molecule collisions. Ab initio calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p), B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p), and B3P86/6-311+G(2d,2p) levels with geometries and zero-point energies calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level for the lighter metals show good agreement with the experimental bond energies. For Rb(+)(Cys), similar calculations using the HW* basis set and ECP underestimate the experimental bond energies, whereas the Def2TZVP basis set yields results in good agreement. Ground state conformers are tridentate for Li(+) and Na(+), and subtle changes in the Cys side-chain orientation are found to cause noticeable changes in the alkali metal binding energy. For K(+) and Rb(+), tridentate and carboxylic acid bound (both charge-solvated and zwitterionic) structures are nearly isoenergetic, with different levels of theory predicting different ground conformers. The combination of this series of experiments and calculations allows the influence of the sulfur functional group of Cys on the overall binding strength to be explored. Comparison to previous results for serine elucidates the influence of sulfur for oxygen substitution.

In-source fragmentation technique for the production of thermalized ions.

Our electrospray ionization-ion funnel-rf hexapole (ESI-IF-6P) source is designed to produce ions for threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) studies in a guided ion beam mass spectrometer. This ion source forms an initial distribution of Ca2+(H2O)x ions where x is 6-9. A new in-source fragmentation technique within the hexapole ion guide of the source is described, which is easy to implement and of modest machining and electrical costs, and is able to generate smaller Ca2+(H2O)x complexes, where x = 2-5. Fragmentation is achieved by biasing an assembly of six 0.25 in. long electrodes that are inserted between the hexapole rods. The assembly is positioned in the high-pressure region of the source such that newly formed Ca2+(H2O)x ions undergo enough collisions to become thermalized, as verified by TCID studies. From the initial distribution of ions, fragmentation proceeds along the lowest energy pathway, which corresponds to sequential water loss for most complexes. However, the Ca2+(H2O) complex cannot be formed using this method because charge separation into CaOH+ and H3O+ becomes the lowest energy pathway from the Ca2+(H2O)2 complex. Therefore, this fragmentation technique can be used to identify the critical size complex for M2+(H2O)x systems, which we define as the complex size (x) at which charge separation becomes a lower energy pathway compared with simple ligand loss.

Dipole effects on cation-pi interactions: absolute bond dissociation energies of complexes of alkali metal cations to N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethylaniline.

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of M (+)( nMA) x with Xe is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry, where nMA = N-methylaniline and N, N-dimethylaniline and x = 1 and 2. M (+) includes the following alkali metal cations: Li (+), Na (+), K (+), Rb (+), and Cs (+). In all cases, the primary dissociation pathway corresponds to the endothermic loss of an intact nMA ligand. The primary cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for ( nMA) x-1 M (+)-( nMA) after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-neutral collisions, the internal and kinetic energy distributions of the reactants, and the dissociation lifetimes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes, which are also used in single-point calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) level to determine theoretical BDEs. The results of these studies are compared to previous studies of the analogous M (+)(aniline) x complexes to examine the effects of methylation of the amino group on the binding interactions. Comparisons are also made to a wide variety of cation-pi complexes previously studied to elucidate the contributions that ion-dipole, ion-induced-dipole, and ion-quadrupole interactions make to the overall binding.