RESUMO
This study examines the long-term efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for fear of flying (FOF) after a catastrophic fear-relevant event, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Participants (N = 115) were randomly assigned to and completed treatment for FOF using 8 sessions of either virtual reality exposure therapy (VRE) or standard exposure therapy (SE) prior to September 11, 2001. Individuals were reassessed in June, 2002, an average of 2.3 years after treatment, with a response rate of 48% (n = 55). Analyses were run on the original data and, using multiple imputation procedures, on imputed data for the full sample. Individuals maintained or improved upon gains made in treatment as measured by standardized FOF questionnaires and by number of flights taken. There were no differences between VRE and SE. Thus, results suggest that individuals previously treated for FOF with cognitive-behavioral therapy can maintain treatment gains in the face of a catastrophic fear-relevant event, even years after treatment is completed.
Assuntos
Aviação , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Medo , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicoterapia/métodos , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro/psicologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
LAI test was studied in 231 patients, forming the following groups: "Presurgical", "Post surgical immediate", "Post surgical mediate", "Post surgical under treatment" (with levamisole) and "Metastasized". The following mean NAI were obtained: 65%, 40%, 48%, 0% and -13% respectively. On 149 patients LAI test, LAI trypsin test and Humoral LAI test were performed. The obtained values, allowed to develop five groups, according to the LAI and LAI Trypsin test positivity or negativity, i.e. group I: -,-; group II: +,-; group III: +,+; group IV: -,+; group V: -,-. A patient could pass through group I to V when he courses from a starting cancer to metastasis. Besides the action of conventional therapy, a low tumoral burden residual cancer could be treated with success by long term alternate therapy, with levamisole. Those cases showed that they run through the aforementioned groups from group V to I, remaining both LAI tests negative for years if immunotherapy's protocol is fulfilled. Moreover, an adequate follow-up is assured.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Técnicas Imunológicas , Teste de Inibição de Aderência Leucocítica , Tripsina , Formação de Anticorpos , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/análise , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Metástase NeoplásicaRESUMO
The continuous administration of levamisole for immunological stimulation after breast cancer surgery increases life expectancy significantly.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Levamisol/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Colo/cirurgia , Dinitroclorobenzeno , Feminino , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The warts produced by virus Papova, provedly cancerous, have immunological characteristics that allow to establish some analogies with cancer. Its immunotherapy is studied with levamisole and by means of a delayed immunity reaction "in situ" with regulated intensity. The level of delayed immunity in the patient with warts is established by quantitative DNCB test, finding that the same is impaired in 60% of men and 87% of women. The levamisol therapy cures 54% of warts. The patients that not cure but improve their delayed immunity level after the treatment with levamisol, are submitted to external application of DNCB, using a concentration calculated on the quantitative test results. With regard to their delayed immunity we introduce a new group of patients: the hiperergic type or reactive to 2,5 microgram of DNCB that cures their warts by the sole action of the test. Once obtained the curve of the distribution of delayed immunity values in the warts population before and after the levamisole therapy, we observe that the first is identical to that of cancer patients. In view of the tight relation among diseases with impaired delayed immunity, such as warts, herpes, aphtas, piodermitis and cancer (residual or postsurgical), we propose the same management, control and immunotherapy for all of them.
