Low-Cost Photoreactor to Monitor Wastewater Pollutant Decomposition.

Actually, the quality of water is one of the most important indicators of the human environmental impact, the control of which is crucial to avoiding irreversible damage in the future. Nowadays, in parallel to the growth of the chemical industry, new chemical compounds have been developed, such as dyes and medicines. The increasing use of these products has led to the appearance of recalcitrant pollutants in industrial wastewater, and even in the drinking water circuit of our populations. The current work presents a photoreactor prototype that allows the performance of experiments for the decomposition of coloured pollutants using photocatalysis at the laboratory scale. The design of this device included the study of the photometric technique for light emission and the development of a software that allows monitoring the dye degradation process. Open-source hardware platforms, such as Arduino, were used for the monitoring system, which have the advantages of being low-cost platforms. A software application that manages the communication of the reactor with the computer and graphically displays the data read by the sensor was also developed. The results obtained demonstrated that this device can accelerate the photodegradation reaction in addition to monitoring the changes throughout the process.

Supervivencia y características de rebrotes en tocones de dos años de cultivos dendroenergéticos / Survival rates and characteristics of spreads in two years stumps of crops with dendroenergy potential

Resumen Varias especies de los géneros Eucalyptus y Acacia son adecuadas para la producción de biomasa útil en la generación de energía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la supervivencia y características del rebrote en tocones de cuatro especies dendroenergéticas en tres diferentes densidades poblacionales. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones, en tres sitios (Parcelas Collipulli, La Aguada y Pilpilco Abajo) con características edafoclimáticas contrastantes. Se estudió Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus denticulata, Eucalyptus nitens y Acacia dealbata en tres densidades de plantación (5 000 árboles/ ha; 10 000 árboles/ha y 15 000 árboles/ha). Se evaluó el porcentaje de supervivencia y las características del rebrote por tocón. Las variables especie, densidad de plantación y sitio de siembra afectaron los parámetros analizados. La densidad de plantación afectó el diámetro y altura de los rebrotes dominantes de tipo proventicio en las cuatro especies estudiadas. La mayor tasa de supervivencia de tocones (97 %), la presentó Eucalyptus nitens en Pipilco Abajo, con 79 % de supervivencia de rebrotes a una densidad de 5 000 árboles/ha. Sin embargo, en densidades de 15 000 árboles/ha, la supervivencia de rebrote fue de 29 %. Acacia dealbata es una especie reconocida por su capacidad de colonización, sin embargo, en La Aguada, con densidades de siembra de 5 000 árboles/ha y 10 000 árboles/ha, mostró baja tasa de supervivencia de tocones (19 % y 18 %, respectivamente) y de rebrotes (57 % y 63 %, respectivamente). La especie Eucalyptus globulus mostró altas tasas de supervivencia de tocones y rebrotes en todos los sitios evaluados, por lo que puede ser considerada como una buena opción para optimizar el sistema de monte bajo.

Abstract Several species of the genera Eucalyptus and Acacia are suitable for biomass production useful in energy generation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the survival and chaof four dendroenergetic species in three population densities. A randomized block design with three replications was used in three sites (Collipulli, La Aguada and Pilpilco Abajo plots) with contrasting edaphoclimatic characteristics. Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus denticulata, Eucalyptus nitens and Acacia dealbata were studied in three plantation densities (5 000 trees/ha, 10 000 trees/ha and 15 000 trees/ha). The survival percentage and characteristics of stump regrowth characteristics of each stump were evaluated. The variables specie, plantation density and planting site affected the analyzed parameters. Plantation density affected the diameter and height of prevalent sprouts of proventic proventitious shoots in all species. Hihest stump survival rate (97 %) was presented by Eucalyptus nitens in Pipilco Abajo, with 79 % shoots survival of sprouts at a density of 5 000 trees/ha. However, at densities of 15 000 trees/ ha, regrowth survival was 29%. The Acacia dealbata is a species characterized by its colonization capacity. However, at La Aguada, which had population densities of 5 000 trees/ha and 10 000 trees/ha, it showed a low stump (19% and 18 % respectively) and shoots (57 % and 63 % respectively) survival rate. The species Eucalyptus globulus showed high stump and shoot survival rates in all sites evaluated, therefore it can be considered a good option to optimize the scrub system.

De passatempo à prática esportiva: o ciclismo em Porto Alegre na transição do século XIX para o século XX / From hobby to sport practice: the cycling in Porto Alegre in the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century

O ciclismo é uma prática evidenciada na capital do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, no final do século XIX. Contudo, no principio, a prática era um passatempo que, ao longo dos anos, passou por um processo de esportivização, principalmente com a organização clubística do ciclismo, encetada em 1895, com a fundação da União Velocipédica de Amadores e no ano seguinte, em 1896, com a Radfahrer Verein Blitz. Em seguida, são promovidas disputas entre estes clubes pelas ruas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Esta pesquisa histórica tem como objetivo investigar como o processo de esportivização do ciclismo se desenvolveu na cidade de Porto Alegre na transição do século XIX para o século XX. O corpus documental privilegia jornais porto-alegrenses, os quais, após análise documental demonstraram que a fundação de clubes esportivos foi determinante para o aprimoramento, propagação e esportivização do ciclismo.

The practice of cycling was evidenced in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in the end of 19th century. First it was seen as a hobby. However, over the years, cycling went through a process of sportivization, especially with the organization of clubs to develop the practice. In 1895 the club União Velocipédica de Amadores was founded, and, in the next year, the Radfahrer Verein Blitz. These institutions were responsible for promoting contests in the streets of Porto Alegre. This historical research aims to investigate how the sportivization process of cycling was developed in Porto Alegre at the turn of the nineteenth century. Newspapers from Porto Alegre composed the documental corpus and a documental analysis indicated the creation of sports clubs as a decisive mark to the improvement, spreading and sportivization of cycling.

Narrativas de atletas de voleibol nos jogos olímpicos (1964 e 1968) / Narratives of volleyball athletes in the olympic games (1964 and 1968) / Narrativas de atletas de voleibol en los juegos olímpicos (1964 y 1968)

Este estudo tem como objetivo reconstruir as memórias das participações dos atletas sul-riograndenses de voleibol nos Jogos Olímpicos de 1964 e 1968. Deste modo, busca, por meio da história oral, historiar narrativas da vida esportiva dos primeiros atletas sul-rio-grandenses a participarem na modalidade voleibol nos Jogos Olímpicos: Marco Antônio Volpi e Gérson Albino Schuch. Marco Volpi foi considerado o melhor jogador brasileiro na competição, nos Jogos Olímpicos de Tóquio (1964). Integra novamente a seleção brasileira de voleibol nos Jogos Olímpicos de 1968, no México, juntamente com o conterrâneo Gérson Schuch. Ambos eram praticantes de outros esportes nos clubes da capital sul-rio-grandense, além de se destacarem no voleibol. Os depoimentos demonstram que a experiência olímpica é constantemente atualizada na memória do atleta que a vive, assim como o auxilia na construção de sua identidade esportiva.

This study aims to reconstruct the memories of the participations of Volleyball athletes from Rio Grande do Sul in the Olympic Games, in the years 1964 and 1968. In this way, through oral history, seeks historicizing narratives of the sport life of the first athletes from Rio Grande do Sul to participate in the volleyball in the Olympic Games: Marco Antonio Volpi and Gerson Albino Schuch through oral history. Marco Volpi was present in the Olympic Games in Tokyo (1964), and he was considered the best Brazilian player in the competition. He was member of the Brazilian volleyball team again in 1968 Olympics in Mexico, along with his team mate Gerson Schuch. Both of them were players of other sports clubs of Rio Grande do Sul capital, and both standing out in volleyball. The statements show that the Olympic experience is constantly updated in the athlete's memory that lives, as well as assists in the construction of its sporting identity.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo reconstruir los recuerdos de las participaciones de los atletas de Voleibol del Rio Grande del Sur en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1964 y 1968. De esta manera se busca, a través de la historia oral, historizar narraciones de la vida deportiva de los primeros atletas del Río Grande del Sur para participar en el deporte de voleibol en los Juegos Olímpicos: Marco Antonio Volpi y Gerson Albino Schuch. Marco Volpi fue considerado el mejor jugador de Brasil en la competición, en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio (1964). Él fue miembro de la selección brasileña de voleibol de nuevo en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1968 en México, junto con su compañero Gershon Schuch. Ambos eran practicantes de otros clubes deportivos de la capital de Rio Grande del Sur, además de se destacar en el voleibol. Las declaraciones muestran que la experiencia olímpica se actualiza constantemente en la memoria del atleta que vive, así como ayuda en la construcción de su identidad deportiva.

High-field magnetic resonance imaging of the human temporal lobe.

BACKGROUND: Emerging high-field diffusion weighted MR imaging protocols, along with tractography, can elucidate microstructural changes associated with brain disease at the sub-millimeter image resolution. Epilepsy and other neurological disorders are accompanied by structural changes in the hippocampal formation and associated regions; however, these changes can be subtle and on a much smaller scale than the spatial resolution commonly obtained by current clinical magnetic resonance (MR) protocols in vivo. METHODS: We explored the possibility of studying the organization of fresh tissue with a 17.6 Tesla magnet using diffusion MR imaging and tractography. The mesoscale organization of the temporal lobe was estimated using a fresh unfixed specimen obtained from a subject who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Following ex vivo imaging, the tissue was fixed, serial-sectioned, and stained for correlation with imaging. FINDINGS: We resolved tissue microstructural organizational features in the temporal lobe from diffusion MR imaging and tractography in fresh tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Fresh ex vivo MR imaging, along with tractography, revealed complex intra-temporal structural variation corresponding to neuronal cell body layers, dendritic fields, and axonal projection systems evident histologically. This is the first study to describe in detail the human temporal lobe structural organization using high-field MR imaging and tractography. By preserving the 3-dimensional structures of the hippocampus and surrounding structures, specific changes in anatomy may inform us about the changes that occur in TLE in relation to the disease process and structural underpinnings in epilepsy-related memory dysfunction.

Paideia: a base cultural do desporto / Paideia: the cultural base of the sport

Neste texto buscamos trazer uma reflexão acerca de um elemento sócio-histórico-cultural capaz de representar todos ou quase todos os povos, nações e países do planeta: o desporto. Valemo-nos da filosofia da Paideia Antiga e de personagens míticos para percorrer a história do desporto e, ainda, paralelamente, da humanidade, visto que o próprio desporto é uma construção essencialmente humana. Ao mesmo tempo em que tentamos resgatar alguns dos temas mais valiosos e que deram origem e sentido a sua prática, buscamos trazê-los para a atualidade, pois, além de relembrar e mostrar sua importância cultural e histórica, a substância filosófica, pedagógica e axiológica faz-se necessária para compreender a Beleza do fenômeno desportivo. Cabe ressaltar que entendemos e tratamos o desporto como um sistema de códigos e de símbolos que tem muitas coisas implícitas as quais são necessárias investigar, lembrar e resgatar, apresentando aquilo que no desporto transcende as aparências e é motivo de valor, de nobreza, de beleza e, como os antigos queriam, de reflexão e contemplação. O desporto se nutre do agon, que é o seu mais importante agente pedagógico, o qual se torna presente na competição e que deve ser motivo de reflexões mais profundas. O local de competição ou disputas é entendido como sagrado e como lar ancestral da diversidade das manifestações humanas, onde vemos ou realizamos, por exemplo, uma ação desportiva que nos causa assombro e que nos desperta a alma, e desta forma atingimos o Kalos. A consciência pedagógica aconselha que diante da vitória e da derrota devemos adotar uma atitude de simplicidade e de serenidade, para assim haver aprendizado com e no desporto. Devemos entender o talento desportivo enquanto uma dádiva a luz da aretê: a fórmula divina que nos deixa apaixonados pela vida. A realização dos talentos nos eleva e dignifica, conforme a eterna Paideia.

In this text we search to bring a reflection concerning a social-historical-cultural element capable to represent all or almost all the peoples, nations and countries of the planet: the sport. We used the philosophy of the Old Paideia and mythical personages to cover the history of sport and, still, parallel, of the humanity, as the proper sport is a construction essentially human being. At the ame time where we try to rescue some of the subjects most valuable and that they had given origin and sense to the practice, we search to bring them for the present time, therefore, beyond remember and showing its cultural and historical importance, the philosophical, pedagogical and axiological substance becomes necessary to understand the Beauty of the sporting phenomenon. It fits to stand out that we understand and we deal with the sport as a system to codes and symbols that has many implicit things which are necessary to investigate, to remember and to rescue, presenting what in the sport it exceeds the appearances and it is reason of value, nobility, beauty and, as the old ones wanted, of reflection and contemplation. The sport if nourishes of agon, that is its more important pedagogical agent, which if becomes present in the competition and that it must be reason of deeper reflections. The place of competition or disputes is understood as sacred and as ancestral home of the diversity of the manifestations human beings, where we see or we carry through, for example, a porting action that cause us haunt and awakens the soul, and this way we reach the Kalos. The pedagogical conscience advises that ahead of the victory and the defeat we must adopt a serenity and simplicity attitude, thus to have learning with and in the sport. We must understand the talent sporting while a gift the light of aretê: the divine formula that in leaves them gotten passionate for the life. The accomplishment of the talentos in raises them and dignifies, as the perpetual Paideia.

Algunas consideraciones en relación con la administración de hierro / Topics abourt iron administration

La deficiencia de hierro es la causa productora de anemia más frecuente de todas las conocidas. En muchos países se ha considerado como un grave problema de salud pública. En cuanto al tratamiento específico han surgido controversias importantes en los últimos 15 años. En relación a mecanismos de inmunidad, algunaos autores han informado susceptibilidad , aumentada a las infecciones, otros en cambio han encontrado una incidencia menor e incluso varios investigadores han demostrado infecciones frecuentes en pacientes con sobrecarga de hierro. Se discuten los cambios anatómicos y funcionales que se producen por el balance negativo de hierro en las células linfoides y en los fagocitos. Se comentan las controversias sobre ventajas y efectos indeseables de las diferentes vías de administración