Substance Use, Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Are Independently Associated With Postpartum HIV Care Engagement in the Southern United States, 1999-2016.

BACKGROUND: Retention in care (RIC) and viral suppression (VS) are associated with reduced HIV transmission and mortality. Studies addressing postpartum engagement in HIV care have been limited by small sample size, short follow-up, and a lack of data from the Southeast United States. METHODS: HIV-positive adult women with ≥1 prenatal visit at the Vanderbilt Obstetrics Comprehensive Care Clinic from 1999 to 2015 were included. Poor RIC was defined as not having ≥2 encounters per year, ≥90 days apart; poor VS was a viral load >200 copies/mL. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) of poor postpartum RIC and VS. RESULTS: Among 248 women over 2070 person-years of follow-up, 37.6% person-years had poor RIC and 50.4% lacked VS. Prenatal substance use was independently associated with poor RIC (aRR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.80) and poor VS (aRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.38), and lack of VS at enrollment was associated with poor RIC (aRR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.15-2.35) and poor VS (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.30-1.94). Hispanic women were less likely and women with lower educational attainment were more likely to have poor RIC. Women >30 years of age and married women were less likely to have poor VS. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of women in prenatal care at an HIV primary medical home in Tennessee, women with prenatal substance use and a lack of VS at enrollment into prenatal care were at greater risk of poor RIC and lack of VS postpartum. Interventions aimed at improving postpartum engagement in HIV care among these high-risk groups are needed.

Does additional prenatal care in the home improve birth outcomes for women with a prior preterm delivery? A randomized clinical trial.

Women with a history of a prior preterm birth (PTB) have a high probability of a recurrent preterm birth. Some risk factors and health behaviors that contribute to PTB may be amenable to intervention. Home visitation is a promising method to deliver evidence based interventions. We evaluated a system of care designed to reduce preterm births and hospital length of stay in a sample of pregnant women with a history of a PTB. Single site randomized clinical trial. Eligibility: >18 years with prior live birth ≥20-<37 weeks gestation; <24 weeks gestation at enrollment; spoke and read English; received care at regional medical center. All participants (N = 211) received standard prenatal care. Intervention participants (N = 109) also received home visits by certified nurse-midwives guided by protocols for specific risk factors (e.g., depressive symptoms, abuse, smoking). Data was collected via multiple methods and sources including intervention fidelity assessments. Average age 27.8 years; mean gestational age at enrollment was 15 weeks. Racial breakdown mirrored local demographics. Most had a partner, high school education, and 62% had Medicaid. No statistically significant group differences were found in gestational age at birth. Intervention participants had a shorter intrapartum length of stay. Enhanced prenatal care by nurse-midwife home visits may limit some risk factors and shorten intrapartum length of stay for women with a prior PTB. This study contributes to knowledge about evidence-based home visit interventions directed at risk factors associated with PTB.

Maintaining perioperative normothermia in the patient undergoing cesarean delivery.

Anesthesia and surgery interfere with normal thermoregulation, and nearly all patients will become hypothermic unless compensatory measures are used. Preoperative patient warming and intraoperative methods using forced air and warmed intravenous fluids are important methods for maintaining patient's core temperature during the perioperative period. The benefits of maintaining normothermia include reductions in postoperative wound infection, the risk of perioperative coagulopathy, and myocardial ischemia. These advantages, demonstrated in patients undergoing general surgery, would be expected in patients undergoing gynecological surgery but have not been specifically studied in that population. Few studies have examined the maternal and neonatal effects of hypothermia after cesarean delivery. The results conflict as to the effectiveness of maternal warming techniques used to prevent it and the effects on neonatal temperature and acid-base status at delivery. Large prospective studies will be required to show significant effects on rates of maternal wound infection after cesarean delivery. European and American national obstetrical organizations have not published recommendations regarding the perioperative thermal regulation for cesarean delivery. We review the physiology of thermal regulation and perioperative thermal management in surgical patients and the literature that has examined perioperative maternal warming for cesarean delivery.

New strategies for glucose control in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.

Over the past 5 decades, perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus has improved dramatically due in large part to better maternal glycemic control. Self-blood glucose monitoring in combination with flexible or intensive insulin treatment including the use of newer insulin analogs and insulin pump therapy has dramatically improved glucose control in most pregnancies complicated by diabetes. In developing an insulin regimen, careful attention must be paid to both basal and prandial insulin needs. Every effort must be made to avoid hypoglycemia and prevent ketoacidosis. A team approach including the patient, diabetes nurse educator, nutritionist, and social worker is ideal.