RESUMO
In this study, we analyse the influence of nutrition during the early neonatal period on the development and prevention of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children with a history of very low birth weight (VLBW). A retrospective cohort study was performed of VLBW preterm infants to assess the risk of their developing AD during childhood, according to nutrition with breastmilk and/or probiotic supplementation during the neonatal period. The analysis focused on nutritional and early childhood follow-up data for 437 newborns, of whom 184 received probiotics up to 36 weeks postmenstrual age. AD was present in 23.5% of the study sample. Of the children who did not develop AD, 44.9% had received probiotics from birth to 36 weeks of gestational age. Therefore, the administration of probiotics to infants at less than 36 weeks postmenstrual age is associated with a protective effect against the development of AD (odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.93). Moreover, a protective interaction was observed between probiotic administration and breastmilk (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.25-0.82). The adjusted data in the regression model allow us to observe a statistically significant association with the protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus with the development of AD at school age (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.30-0.99). Probiotic supplementation in VLBW newborns is associated with a decreased risk of subsequent development of AD. Breastmilk strengthens the protective effect of probiotics against the development of AD.