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1.
Pulmonology ; 2023 Feb 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36792391

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To assess the efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) not due to COVID-19, refractory to treatment with conventional oxygen therapy and/or intolerant to noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and without criteria for admission to intensive care units (ICU). METHODS: Prospective observational study of patients with ARF treated with HFNC who presented clinical and arterial blood gas deterioration after 24 h of medical treatment and oxygenation by conventional systems. The degree of dyspnoea, gas exchange parameters (arterial O2 pressure/inspired O2 fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2); oxygen saturation measured by oximetry/ inspired fraction of oxygen (Sp02/Fi02), ROX index), degree of patient tolerance and mortality were evaluated. These were measured at discharge from the emergency department (ED), 24 h after treatment with conventional oxygenation and 60, 120 min and 24 h after initiation of HFNC. The results were analyzed for all patients as a whole and for patients with hypercapnia (arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) < 45 mmHg) separately. RESULTS: 200 patients were included in the study between November 2019 and November 2020, with a mean age of 83 years, predominantly women (61.9%), obese (Body Mass Index (BMI) 31.1), with high comorbidity (Charlson index 4) and mild-moderate degree of dependence (Barthel 60). A number of 128 patients (64%) were hypercapnic. None had respiratory acidosis (pH 7.39). Evaluation at 60 min, 120 min and 24 h showed significant improvement in all patients and in the subgroup of hypercapnic patients with respect to baseline parameters in respiratory rate (RR), dyspnoea, ROX index, PaO2/FiO2, SpO2/FiO2 and patient comfort. No changes in PaCO2 or level of consciousness were observed. HFNC was well tolerated. Ten patients (5%) died due to progression of the disease causing ARF. CONCLUSIONS: HFNC is an effective and safe alternative in elderly patients with ARF not due to COVID-19, refractory to treatment with conventional oxygen therapy and/or intolerant to NIV or CPAP and without criteria for admission to ICU.

3.
Emergencias (St. Vicenç dels Horts) ; 24(2): 126-129, abr. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-104001

RESUMO

La hiponatremia es una alteración electrolítica común en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) en los servicios de urgencias (SU). Es de etiología multifactorial, y entre sus principales mecanismos de producción se encuentran la secreción inadecuada de vasopresina (AVP) y el tratamiento diurético. El tratamiento convencional de la hiponatremia en la ICA (restricción de consumo de líquidos orales, infusión de solución salina y diuréticos), aunque puede ser efectivo, es complejo y en ocasiones de resultados impredecibles. El tolvaptán es un antagonista de la AVP que induce una diuresis de agua libre sin electrolitos. Ensayos clínicos recientes han mostrado la efectividad del tolvaptán, tanto en pacientes con hiponatremia de diferente etiología como en la insuficiencia cardiaca. Presentamos una serie de 10 pacientes con ICA e hiponatremia que fueron tratados con tolvaptán asociado al tratamiento convencional desde su llegada al SU. Se objetivó una rápida mejoría de la hiponatremia sin afectación de la funcional renal ni de los electrolitos sanguíneos. En el presente artículo se describe nuestra experiencia y discutimos aspectos relacionados con dicha terapia diurética (AU)


Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in emergency patients with acute heart failure. The condition is multifactorial in origin but one of the principal mechanisms is dysregulated vasopressin secretion. Treatment involves diuretics. Hyponatremia in acute heart failure is conventionally managed by restricting oral intake of fluids, infusing a saline solution, and administering diuretics. This approach may be effective, but it is complicated and results can be unpredictable. Tolvaptan is a vasopressin antagonist that induces diuresis of electrolyte-free water. Recent clinical trials have shown that tolvaptan is effective in patients with hyponatremia due to various conditions, including heart failure. We report10 cases of acute heart failure and hyponatremia treated with tolvaptan associated with conventional management in the emergency department. Sodium levels returned to normal rapidly without alteration of renal function or blood electrolytes. We describe our experience with this drug and discuss issues related to diuretic treatment (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Hiponatremia/tratamento farmacológico , Diuréticos/efeitos adversos , Vasopressinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Tratamento de Emergência/métodos , Síndrome de Secreção Inadequada de HAD/complicações
5.
Emergencias (St. Vicenç dels Horts) ; 22(3): 187-192, jun. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-87676

RESUMO

Objetivos: El objetivo es evaluar el perfil clínico y la evolución de los pacientes con edema agudo de pulmón (EAP) tratados con ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUMH) y los factores asociados con el fracaso de la técnica y la mortalidad. Método: Estudio observacional y prospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes atendidos en el SUMH por con EAP que precisaron VNI. Se analizaron los parámetros clínicos y gasométricos al ingreso y a los 60 minutos, el modo ventilatorio, destino, complicaciones, necesidad de intubación orotraqueal, y tiempo de permanencia en urgencias. Se calcularon el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson y el índice de Barthel (IB). Se evaluó l amortalidad en el SUH, durante el ingreso hospitalario y a los 7 y 21 días tras el alta. Resultados: Se estudió a 133 pacientes, 69 varones (51%), la edad media fue de76,2 ± 10,9 años. En el 60% se utilizó la presión positiva constante en la vía aérea(CPAP) como modo ventilatorio. Los parámetros clínicos y gasométricos mejoraron tras una hora de VNI. El tiempo de tratamiento de VNI fue 4,25 ± 2,54 horas. La sequedad de mucosas y el eritema facial fueron las complicaciones más frecuentes (69 y 50% respectivamente).La técnica fracasó en el 9,8% y la mortalidad en urgencias fue del 3%.No se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados a una mayor mortalidad. La modalidad ventilatoria no influyó en la mejoría clínico-gasométrica, mortalidad ni en el fracaso de la técnica. El 33,8% (45) de los pacientes ingresó en la unidad de corta estancia (UCE),26,3% (35) en cardiología, 18,8% (25) en medicina interna y el 5,2% (7) de cuidados intensivos. (..) (AU)


Objectives: Our aim was to analyze patient characteristics and clinical course in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema(PE) treated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in our hospital emergency department (ED) and to find out factors related to NIV failure and mortality. Patients and methods: Prospective, observational study of all patients with acute CPE requiring NIV in our ED. We analyzed clinical characteristics and blood gas analyses on admission and at 60 minutes, type of ventilation applied, destination on discharge, complications, need for orotracheal intubation, and duration of stay in the ED. Comorbidity was assessed on the Charlson and Barthel indices. Mortality in the emergency department, on the ward, or 7 and 21days after discharge was registered on follow-up. Results: We studied 133 patients; 69 (51%) were men and the mean (SD) age was 76.2 (10.9) years. Continuous positive airway pressure was used in 60% of the cases. Symptoms and results of arterial blood gas analysis improved 1hour after starting NIV. Mean duration of NIV was 4.25 (2.54) hours. Dry mucus membranes (69%) and erythematousfacial sores (50%) were the most common complications. NIV failed in 9,8% of patients. ED mortality was 3%. We do not identify and risk factors associated with increased mortality. Choice of NIV modality was not a factor in clinical or blood gas improvements, mortality, or failure of NIV treatment. Forty-five (33.8%) patients were admitted to the shortstayunit, 35 (26.3%) to the cardiology ward, 25 (18.8%) to the internal medicine ward, and 7 (5.2%) to the intensivecare unit. Conclusions: Early application of NIV to treat acute CPE improves symptoms and blood gases quickly, with few complications and short ED stays. The NIV modality chosen does not affect mortality or failure of the technique. The possibility of using NIV in all hospital ED should be considered (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Edema Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Prospectivos , Tratamento de Emergência/métodos , Gasometria
6.
Emergencias (St. Vicenç dels Horts) ; 22(1): 49-55, feb. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-98583

RESUMO

La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) es uno de los soportes ventilatorios que se ofrece al paciente con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA) y que no precisa intubación orotraqueal. Los modos usados con más frecuencia en la IRA son la presión positiva continúa en la vía área (CPAP) y la ventilación con doble nivel de presión (BIPAP). Ambas modalidades han demostrado su utilidad en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda(ICA) por edema agudo de pulmón (EAP) o hipertensiva, al mejorar con mayor rapidez la IRA y reducir las necesidades de intubación y la mortalidad en algunos pacientes. Existe una mayor experiencia en el modo CPAP, más sencillo en su manejo y con pocas complicaciones, que con el modo BIPAP, más complejo y que requiere un mayor entrenamiento. Cuando se comparan ambos métodos en pacientes con ICA el modo BIPAP sólo ha demostrado mejorar la IRA con mayor rapidez y es más efectivo en pacientes con hipercapnia o fatiga respiratoria. A pesar de estos beneficios, el uso de la VNI en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios está poco extendido probablemente debido a la falta de entrenamiento e implicación de los profesionales, la baja disponibilidad de recursos materiales y a la ausencia de protocolos claros, que deberían estar disponibles en todos los hospitales. La presente revisión pretende establecer el papel de la VNI como método de oxigenación en el tratamiento de la ICA por EAP e hipertensiva y definir un protocolo de actuación que facilite su cumplimiento (AU)


Noninvasive ventilation is one of the ventilatory support systems available for treating the patient with acute respiratory failure. Orotracheal intubation is not required. The main modalities are continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). Both alleviate respiratory distress quickly and have proven useful for treating acute heart failure due to acute pulmonary edema or pulmonary hypertension. The need for intubation and mortality are reduced. More experience has accumulated with CPAP, which is easier to manage and is associated with few complications. BiPAP, which is more complicated and requires more staff training, has been shown to improve respiratory failure more quickly in patients with heart failure and to be more effective in patients with hypercapnia or respiratory muscle fatigue. In spite of these benefits, noninvasive ventilation is little used in hospital emergency departments, probably because of the lack of staff training and commitment, low availability of material resources, and the absence of clear protocols, which ought to be available in all hospitals. This review aims to describe the role that noninvasive ventilation plays in improving oxygen saturation in the treatment of acute heart failure due to acute pulmonary edema or pulmonary hypertension and to define an appropriate protocol for using these modalities (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Tratamento de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Oxigenoterapia , Edema Pulmonar/complicações , Hipertensão/complicações
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