La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica en la literatura, el cine y la televisión / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in literature, cinema and television

Introducción. La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa de curso progresivo que afecta a las motoneuronas corticoespinales y medulares, y que se manifiesta principalmente con debilidad muscular, amiotrofia e hiperreflexia. Su incidencia es de 0,4-2,4 casos/100.000 habitantes/año, y su prevalencia, de 4-6 casos/100.000 habitantes. Es más frecuente en varones adultos mayores de 50 años. Se han mostrado diversas enfermedades neurológicas en la literatura, el cine y la televisión, entre ellas la ELA, que se ha presentado de forma correcta y realista. Objetivo. Analizar el abordaje que la literatura, el cine y la televisión han hecho de la ELA. Desarrollo. Existen diversas obras literarias que abordan la ELA, como El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man o Martes con mi viejo profesor; el cine también ha reflejado esta enfermedad en títulos como El orgullo de los Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) o Derecho a morir; y en la televisión se ha mostrado esta enfermedad en series, documentales y telefilmes, como Martes con mi viejo profesor, Jenifer o Mi vida con Lou Gehrig. La mayor parte de las obras es de tipo biográfico y de testimonio, y muestra la enfermedad con realismo, con la intención de dar a conocer la ELA y de concienciar a la población. Conclusión. La literatura, el cine y la televisión han mostrado la ELA de forma realista y creíble, a diferencia de otras enfermedades de origen neurológico (AU)

Introduction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a progressive course that affects the corticospinal and spinal cord motor neurons, the main manifestations of which are muscular weakness, amyotrophy and hyperreflexia. It has an incidence of 0.4-2.4 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year, and a prevalence of 4-6 cases/100,000 inhabitants. It is more frequent in adult males over 50 years of age. A number of different neurological diseases have been portrayed in literature, cinema and television, including ALS, which has been presented correctly and realistically. Aim. To analysis how literature, cinema and television have addressed ALS. Development. Several different literary works have dealt with ALS, such as El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man or Tuesdays with Morrie; the cinema has also depicted this disease in films such as The pride of the Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) or Right to die; and on television this disease has been shown in series, documentaries and television films, such as: Tuesdays with Morrie, Jenifer or A love affair: the Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story. Most of the works are of a biographical and testimonial nature, and portray the disease realistically, with the intention of making ALS more widely known and raising the population’s awareness about the condition. Conclusions. Literature, cinema and television have portrayed ALS in a realistic and believable manner, unlike some other diseases of a neurological origin (AU)

Ratings of ADHD symptoms and academic impairment by mothers, fathers, teachers, and aides: construct validity within and across settings as well as occasions.

A Multiple Indicator × Multiple Trait × Multiple Source × Multiple Occasion design was used to evaluate invariance, convergent and discriminant validity of ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and academic impairment scores from the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI) using confirmatory factor analysis. Mothers, fathers, teachers, and aides completed the CADBI on 811 Spanish 1st-grade children (54% boys) twice (6-week separation). For mothers and fathers, like loadings, thresholds/intercepts, factor means, factor variances, and factor covariances/correlations were invariant across sources and occasions. All 3 factors also showed convergent (convergent correlations from .69 to .83) and significant discriminant validity. For teachers and aides, there was also invariance of parameters along with convergent and discriminant validity over sources and occasions (convergent correlations from .67 to .87). With construct validity established for home and school, it was meaningful to test construct validity between home and school. Like-item loadings and thresholds/intercepts were invariant between home and school, with the ADHD-HI factor mean being lower at school. Convergent validity of ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and academic impairment factors, especially ADHD-IN and ADHD-HI, was much weaker between home and school (convergent correlations from .36 to .47 for IN and HI). The strong convergent validity of ADHD-IN and ADHD-HI scores within home and school in conjunction with weak convergent validity across home and school has implications for the assessment and diagnosis of ADHD (i.e., the diagnostic criteria of symptom occurrence in 2 or more settings).

[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in literature, cinema and television]. / La esclerosis lateral amiotrofica en la literatura, el cine y la television.

INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a progressive course that affects the corticospinal and spinal cord motor neurons, the main manifestations of which are muscular weakness, amyotrophy and hyperreflexia. It has an incidence of 0.4-2.4 cases/100,000 inhabitants/year, and a prevalence of 4-6 cases/100,000 inhabitants. It is more frequent in adult males over 50 years of age. A number of different neurological diseases have been portrayed in literature, cinema and television, including ALS, which has been presented correctly and realistically. AIM: To analysis how literature, cinema and television have addressed ALS. DEVELOPMENT: Several different literary works have dealt with ALS, such as El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man or Tuesdays with Morrie; the cinema has also depicted this disease in films such as The pride of the Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) or Right to die; and on television this disease has been shown in series, documentaries and television films, such as: Tuesdays with Morrie, Jenifer or A love affair: the Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story. Most of the works are of a biographical and testimonial nature, and portray the disease realistically, with the intention of making ALS more widely known and raising the population's awareness about the condition. CONCLUSIONS: Literature, cinema and television have portrayed ALS in a realistic and believable manner, unlike some other diseases of a neurological origin.

TITLE: La esclerosis lateral amiotrofica en la literatura, el cine y la television.Introduccion. La esclerosis lateral amiotrofica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa de curso progresivo que afecta a las motoneuronas corticoespinales y medulares, y que se manifiesta principalmente con debilidad muscular, amiotrofia e hiperreflexia. Su incidencia es de 0,4-2,4 casos/100.000 habitantes/año, y su prevalencia, de 4-6 casos/100.000 habitantes. Es mas frecuente en varones adultos mayores de 50 años. Se han mostrado diversas enfermedades neurologicas en la literatura, el cine y la television, entre ellas la ELA, que se ha presentado de forma correcta y realista. Objetivo. Analizar el abordaje que la literatura, el cine y la television han hecho de la ELA. Desarrollo. Existen diversas obras literarias que abordan la ELA, como El desencuentro, Lou Gehrig: the luckiest man o Martes con mi viejo profesor; el cine tambien ha reflejado esta enfermedad en titulos como El orgullo de los Yankees, My love beside me (closer to Heaven) o Derecho a morir; y en la television se ha mostrado esta enfermedad en series, documentales y telefilmes, como Martes con mi viejo profesor, Jenifer o Mi vida con Lou Gehrig. La mayor parte de las obras es de tipo biografico y de testimonio, y muestra la enfermedad con realismo, con la intencion de dar a conocer la ELA y de concienciar a la poblacion. Conclusion. La literatura, el cine y la television han mostrado la ELA de forma realista y creible, a diferencia de otras enfermedades de origen neurologico.

Distinctions between sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD-IN, and depression symptom dimensions in Spanish first-grade children.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new parent rating scale of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT). SCT was defined with 10 symptom domains--daydreams; attention fluctuates; absentminded; loses train of thought; easily confused; seems drowsy; thinking is slow; slow-moving; low initiative; and easily bored, needs stimulation--with each domain represented by multiple examples. Mothers' and fathers' ratings of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and depression symptoms along with ratings of academic and social impairment were obtained for a sample of 802 Spanish first-grade children (54% boys). SCT Symptom Domains 4 to 8 showed substantial loadings on the SCT factor (i.e., convergent validity) and substantially higher loadings on the SCT factor than the ADHD-IN factor (i.e., discriminant validity). This 5-domain measure of SCT showed good interrater and test-retest reliability for a 6-week interval. Higher scores on the 5-domain measure of SCT predicted higher levels of academic and social impairment even after controlling for ADHD-IN and depression. In contrast, higher levels of SCT were not uniquely related (or uniquely negatively related) to ADHD-HI and ODD, whereas ADHD-IN and depression were uniquely positively related to ADHD-HI and ODD. The new measure of SCT more clearly establishes that SCT, ADHD-IN, and depression represent independent symptom dimensions, thus providing a measurement tool to help determine if SCT and ADHD-IN dimensions have unique biological correlates and if SCT and ADHD meet the criteria for different disorders.

La epilepsia en el cine. Un nuevo siglo y ¿una nueva perspectiva? / Epilepsy in films. A new century and... the same old perspective?

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[Nikola Tesla: flashes of inspiration]. / Nikola Tesla: relampagos de inspiracion.

TITLE: Nikola Tesla: relampagos de inspiracion.

Nikola Tesla: relámpagos de inspiración / Nikola Tesla: flashes of inspiration

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[Epilepsy in literature, cinema and television]. / La epilepsia en la literatura, el cine y la televisión.

INTRODUCTION: Literature, cinema and television have often portrayed stereotypical images of people that have epilepsy and have helped foster false beliefs about the disease. AIM: To examine the image of epilepsy presented by literature, cinema and television over the years. DEVELOPMENT: Epilepsy has frequently been portrayed in literary works, films and television series, often relating it with madness, delinquency, violent behaviours or possession by the divine or the diabolical, all of which has helped perpetuate our ancestral beliefs. The literary tales and the images that appear in films and on television cause an important emotional impact and, bearing in mind that many people will only ever see an epileptic seizure in a film or in a TV series or might gain some information about the disorder from a literary text, what they see on the screen or read in the novels will be their only points of reference. Such experiences will therefore mark the awareness and knowledge they will have about epilepsy and their attitudes towards the people who suffer from it. Novels and films are fiction, but it is important to show realistic images of the disease that are no longer linked to the false beliefs of the past and which help the general public to have a more correct view of epilepsy that is free from prejudices and stereotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Literature, cinema and television have often dealt with the subject of epilepsy, sometimes realistically, but in many cases they have only helped to perpetuate false beliefs about this disease.

Personalidad y tolerancia al dolor / Personality and pain tolerance

Se examina la relación de algunas variables de personalidad -EPQ-A (Eysenck y Eysenck, 1975), NEO-PI (McCrae y Costa, 1988) y STA -personalidad esquizotípica- y STB -personalidad límite-, de Claridge y Broks (1984), con la tolerancia al dolor experimental inducido mediante agua fría (cold pressor test), según el procedimiento de Staats, Heckmat y Staats (1998) en una muestra filtrada mediante un cuestionario sobre dolor crónico, dolores de cabeza, de espalda, artritis, síndrome de Raynaud, y personas bajo medicación. La tolerancia al dolor experimental se evaluó mediante el Umbral de dolor (tiempo en segundos desde la introducción de la mano en el agua hasta el primer informe de dolor). Mantenimiento del dolor (duración en segundos de la inmersión de la mano desde la aparición del umbral hasta su retirada) y Tolerancia al dolor (duración total en segundos de la inmersión de la mano desde su introducción hasta su retirada). Un análisis correlacional, factorial y de regresión por pasos mostraron un efecto cruzado entre medidas de ansiedad (tolerancia negativa al dolor) y psicoticismo, siendo psicoticismo junto con control emocional predictores de tolerancia positiva al dolor. En cuanto a psicoticismo, parece que son sus elementos de naturaleza paranoide y de dureza los que afectan a una percepción atenuada del dolor

This paper examine the relationship between a number of personality variables -EPQ-A (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), NEO-PI (McCrae and Costa, 1988), STA (Schizotypal personality) and STA (borderline personality, Claridge & Brooks, 1984), with tolerance to experimental pain induced by cold water -cold pressor test, according to the procedure by Staats, Heckmant and Staats (1998). The sample had been previously screened by means of a questionnaire assessing chronic pain, headache, back pain, arthritis, Raynaud syndrome and patients taking medication. Three measures of tolerance to experimentally-induced pain were taken: pain threshold -seconds elapsed from hand immersion in water until first report of pain, pain keeping- seconds elapsed from the onset of pain threshold till hand withdrawal. Correlation, factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis showed a cross effect between anxiety measures -negative pain tolerance, and psychoticism. Along with emotional control, psychoticism was predictor of positive pain tolerance. Paranoid and hardness components of psychoticism seemed to be responsible for a mitigated pain perception

Personalidad, emociones y dolor / Personality, emotions and pain

El dolor constituye un ámbito de estudio y de intervención multidisciplinar de primera magnitud para las ciencias de la salud no sólo por lo que supone de sufrimiento humano, sino por sus repercusiones económicas. Sin embargo, el dolor no puede reducirse a una consideración biomédica y son cada vez más necesarios acercamientos multidimensionales, acercamientos entre los que la perspectiva psicosocial tiene una relevancia creciente. D entro de esta perspectiva psicosocial uno de los enfoques actuales más productivos en el estudio de los componentes psicológicos del dolor es la teoría del Conductismo Psicológico ?Pyschological Behaviorism? (Carrillo et al., 1996, 2001, 2002; Staats, WA. W., 1997; Staats, P. S. et al., 1996). Analizamos desde esta teoría una de las primeras aplicaciones clínicas llevadas a cabo para controlar el dolor a partir de sus componentes psicológicos: el planteamiento de fordyce aplicado en contextos hospitalarios, planteamiento guiado por las directrices operantes de Skinner. en este trabajo se intentan analizar las limitaciones del enfoque de Fordyce que derivan, en parte,de una interpretación incompleta el planteamiento skinneriano, pero, sobre todo, por las propias limitaciones teóricas de este planteamiento. Un enfoque más adecuado para el control de los componentes psicológicos del dolor necesita un acercamiento conductual integrador que implique un nivel de análisis de la personalidad y la consideración de la experiencia dolorosa como una respuesta emocional que pueda vincularse a los niveles biológico, aprendizaje pasado, medio actual, conducta y respuesta del medio a la conducta (AU)

Pain is a field of major importance for research and multi-disciplinary intervention in health sciences not only because of the underlying human suffering but also because of its economic implications. Nevertheless, pain cannot be limited to a biomedical issue. Multidimensional approaches are needed, among which the psychosexual view is increasingly relevant. Within this psychosocial approach, the psychological behaviourism is one of the most productive current views in the study of pain psychological components ( Carrillo et al., 1996, 2001, 2002; Staats, 1997; Staats, et al., 1996). From this approach, we have analysed one of the pioneer clinical applications to control pain from its psychological components ?Fordyce?s approach implemented in a hospital. This method fellows Skinner?s operating guidelines. This paper checks Fordyce?s approach limitations, coming partially from a biased interpretation of Skinner?s theory, but mainly from its own theoretical limitations. A more appropriate focus on the control of pain psychological components would need a comprehensive behavioural approach. This approach involves an analysis of personality and addresses painful experience as an emotional response with links to biological, past learning, current environment, behaviour and the environmental response to behaviour levels (AU)