Functional correlation between cerebellum and basal ganglia: A parkinsonism model.

INTRODUCTION: The cerebellar response has been studied for years with different models of alteration of other brain structures to understand its complex functioning and its relationship with the rest of the body. Studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) showed that the cerebellar function is modified by deficit of the basal ganglia; which supports the hypothesis that both structures are related anatomically and functionally. METHODS: In our study, the ventrolateral striatum (VLS) of the basal ganglia was altered by an electrolytic lesion, in order to produce a similar jaw frequency of jaw tremor movements presented in parkinsonism, thereafter we analyzed the effect of the lesion on the expression of multiunit activity (MUA) of the cerebellum. RESULTS: We found cerebellar activation during mandibular movements and increment during oral jaw tremor movements. In addition, the amplitude of baseline MUA registered in animals with alteration of the VLS decreased with respect to the intact group. CONCLUSIONS: Accordingly, we conclude that cerebellar changes in MUA may be due to a decrease in the cerebellar inflectional or as a possible compensatory function between cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Doppler changes in umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio and ductus venosus during open fetal microneurosurgery for intrauterine open spina bifida repair.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in fetal Doppler parameters during a novel technique for open fetal microneurosurgery for open spina bifida (OSB) repair. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 44 fetuses undergoing open fetal surgery for OSB repair using a novel microneurosurgery approach that is characterized by a mini-hysterotomy (diameter of 15 mm), minimal fetal manipulation and maintenance of a constant normal amniotic fluid volume throughout the procedure. Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery (UA), fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ductus venosus (DV) was performed before the start of surgery and at prespecified timepoints during fetal surgery. UA pulsatility index (PI) > 95th percentile, DV-PI > 95th percentile, MCA-PI < 5th percentile and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) < 5th percentile were considered abnormal. RESULTS: Median gestational age at fetal surgery was 25.2 weeks (range, 22.9-27.9 weeks). Doppler recordings were successfully obtained in all cases during all timepoints throughout the surgery. As compared with Doppler values before surgery, there was a significant increase in the proportion of fetuses with MCA-PI < 5th percentile (63.6% vs 13.6%; P < 0.001), CPR < 5th percentile (65.9% vs 15.9%; P < 0.001) and DV-PI > 95th percentile (22.7% vs 0%; P = 0.01) and a non-significant increase in the proportion of fetuses with UA-PI > 95th percentile (11.4% vs 0%; P = 0.12) during fetal surgery. None of the fetuses showed absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the UA or absent or reversed DV a-wave at any stage during OSB repair. All abnormal Doppler parameters returned to normal after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: During open fetal surgery for OSB repair, a small hysterotomy, reduced fetal manipulation and maintenance of a normal amniotic fluid volume seem to prevent severe fetal Doppler abnormalities. The mild Doppler changes observed during fetal surgery could be a manifestation of fetal adaptation to the stress of fetal surgery. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Olfactory conditioned same-sex partner preference in female rats: Role of ovarian hormones.

The dopamine D2-type receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) facilitates the development of conditioned same-sex partner preference in males during cohabitation, but not in ovariectomized (OVX) females, primed with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P). Herein we tested the effects of QNP on OVX, EB-only primed females. Females received a systemic injection (every four days) of either saline (Saline-conditioned) or QNP (QNP-conditioned) and then cohabited for 24h with lemon-scented stimulus females (CS+), during three trials. In test 1 (female-female) preference was QNP-free, and females chose between the CS+ female and a novel female. In test 2 (male-female) they chose between the CS+ female and a sexually experienced male. In test 1 Saline-conditioned females displayed more hops & darts towards the novel female, but QNP-conditioned females displayed more sexual solicitations towards the CS+ female. In test 2 Saline-conditioned females displayed a clear preference for the male, whereas QNP-conditioned females displayed what we considered a bisexual preference. We discuss the effect of dopamine and ovarian hormones on the development of olfactory conditioned same-sex preference in females.

Evidencias del uso de la musicoterapia y la memoria del adulto mayor / Evidence of the use of music theraphy and memory of the elderly

Con el avance del envejecimiento se observa undecline parcial de las funciones cognitivas, aunqueno es un hecho generalizado, un porcentajerelativamente alto de personas experimentan cambioscognitivos, principalmente problemas de memoria.En los últimos años, la musicoterapia ha ganado unmayor reconocimiento dentro de las intervencionesno farmacológicas. En el campo de la geriatría lamusicoterapia es capaz de modular factores dela cognición implicando diversas funciones cognitivas.El objetivo de la presente revisión es examinar lasevidencias del uso de la musicoterapia para elfortalecimiento de la memoria en la población adultamayor. Como resultado de la presente revisión seencontró que la musicoterapia ha sido utilizada envarias ocasiones como terapéutica complementariaen adultos mayores, sobre todo en aquellos quepresentan algún tipo de alteración cognitiva relevante,los efectos reportados sugieren mejoría en la funcióncognitiva de la memoria. Sin embargo, hace faltaevidencia de esta intervención en adultos mayoressanos cognitivamente

Medical education in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Ecuador, the smallest of the Andean countries, is located in the northwest portion of South America. The nation's 14.5 million people have a tremendous need for high quality primary care. AIMS: To describe the profound advances as well as the persistent needs in medical education in Ecuador that have occurred with globalization and with the modernization of the country. METHODS: Through an extensive search of the literature; medical school data; reports from the Ecuador Ministry of Public Health and Ministry of Education; and information from the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, and Innovation (SENESCYT), the medical education system in Ecuador has been thoroughly examined. RESULTS: The National System of Higher Education in Ecuador has experienced significant growth over the last 20 years. As of 2009 the system boasts 19 medical schools, all of which offer the required education needed to obtain the title of Physician, but only 12 of which offer postgraduate clinical training. Of these 19 universities, nine are public, five are private and self-financed, and five are private and co-financed. Post-graduate options for medical students include: (1) Clinical specialization, (2) Higher diploma, (3) Course specialization, (4) Master's degree, and (5) PhD degree. CONCLUSION: The rapid growth of Ecuador's system of medical education has led to inevitable gaps that threaten its ability to sustain itself. Chief among these is the lack of well-trained faculty to supply its medical schools. To ensure an adequate supply of faculty exists, the creation of sufficient postgraduate, sub-specialization, and PhD training positions must be created and maintained.

Hiperendemicidad de hepatitis viral B y delta en pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía Peruana / Hyperendemicity of viral hepatitis B and delta in indigenous populations in te Peruvian Amazon jungle

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de marcadores serológicos de hepatitis viral B y delta en pueblos indígenas de laAmazonía, así como su distribución en las diferentes cuencas y cuales son los factores de riesgo asociados. Materialesy métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 870 pobladores de 37 comunidades nativas distribuidas en 12 cuencasde la Amazonía peruana. Se obtuvieron datos epidemiológicos en relación a hepatitis viral B y delta y una muestrade sangre venosa para determinar la presencia de HBsAg, HBeAg, anticuerpos totales anti-HBcAg, IgM Anti-HBcAg,Anti-HBeAg y anti delta usando la técnica de ELISA. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 22,7 años (1-94 a), 50,7 por ciento(441/870) fueron varones. Se determinó infección previa por HVB en 519 (59,7 por ciento) e infección reciente en 16 (1,8 por ciento). Seencontraron 82 portadores de HBsAg (9,4 por ciento) de estos 18 (21,9 por ciento) tenían HBeAg positivo, y 15 (83,3 por ciento) eran varones.44,2 por ciento de los menores de diez años tenían antecedente de infección. 39 por ciento(32/82) de los portadores de HBsAg teníainfección por HVD. Fue mayor la prevalencia de HVB en nativos (64,3 por ciento) que en mestizos (50,6 por ciento); así como en lascuencas de la selva norte (73 por ciento) que en las de centro y sur (42 por ciento). La infección por HVB se encontró asociada con elconsumo de masato (OR: 4,9; IC95 por ciento: 3,4-7,4) y al antecedente de mordedura por murciélago (OR: 1,7; IC95 por ciento: 1,2-2,4).No se encontró diferencias significativas con relación al sexo. Conclusiones: La población indígena y mestiza de lasdiferentes cuencas de la Amazonía peruana es hiperendémica para la infección por hepatitis viral B y delta

Objective: To determine the prevalence of serological markers for viral hepatitis B and delta in indigenous communities in the Peruvian Amazon jungle, as well as their distribution in the different river basins and what are the associated risk factors. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 837 inhabitants from 37 native communities distributed alongside 12 river basins in the Peruvian Amazon jungle. Epidemiological data were obtained with respect to the presence of viral hepatitis B and delta, and a venous blood sample was taken in order to determine HBsAg, HBeAg, total anti-HBcAg anti-HBcAg IgM, and anti-delta antibodies using an ELISA technique. Results: Average age in the studied population was 22,7 years (range 1–94 years), and 50,/% were male. Previous infection caused by hepatitis B virus was determined in 519 (59,7%) subjects, and a recent infection was detected in 16 (1,8%) subjects. 82 HBsAg carriers were found (9,4%); of them, 18 (21,9%) were positive for HBeAg, and 15 (3,3%) were male. 44,2% of subjects less than ten years old had past history of infection. 39% (32/82) of HBsAg carriers had also hepatitis delta virus infection. The prevalence of HBV was higher in natives (64,3) compared to that in mestizos (50,6%); as well in northern jungle river basins (73%) compared to findings in central and southern areas (42%). HBV infection was associated with masato (liquor made of yucca) use (OR: 4,9; 95% CI: 3,4 – 7,4) and with history of being bitten by bats (OR: 1,7; 95% IC: 1,2 – 2,4). There were no significant differences with respect to sex distribution. Conclusions: Viral hepatitis B and delta is hyperendemic in indigenous and mestizo populations in different river basins in Peruvian Amazon jungle.

Reporte de un caso de síndrome de Asperger: Centro de Recuperación Nutricional "Dr. Pastor Oropeza" San Cristóbal estado Táchira enero 2005 / Port of a case of syndrome of Asperger: Centro of Recuperación Nutricional Dr. Pastor Oropeza San Cristóbal Táchira state january 2005

El Síndrome de Asperger (también llamado el trastorno de Asperger) es un tipo relativamente nuevo de trastorno del desarrollo; este término ha sido utilizado de modo más generalizado durante los últimos quince años. Aunque un pediatra vienés, Hans Asperger, fue el primero en los años 40 en describir con gran exactitud a un grupo de niños con estos rasgos clínicos, el Síndrome de Asperger (AS) fue "oficialmente" reconocido por vez primera en el Manual Estadístico de Diagnóstico de Trastornos Mentales en su cuarta edición en 1994 (DSM-IV). Debido al hecho de que, hasta la fecha, existen pocos artículos exhaustivos sobre este síndrome en la literatura médica y que, probablemente, el AS es más frecuente de lo que se creía en un principio, este estudio pretende describir el síndrome con más detalle y presentar un caso clínico para acentuar la importancia de los diagnósticos del desarrollo cognitivo en la infancia. Así pues, se presenta el caso de un escolar masculino de nueve años de edad, que fue referido al Centro de Recuperación Nutricional "Dr. Pastor Oropeza" por presentar selectividad por algunos alimentos, trastornos poco frecuente que puede llevar incluso a deterioro nutricional del niño.

Evaluación de los cambios esqueléticos y dentales producidos con el tratamiento con placas de acetato y elásticos de clase III en pacientes con mesio-relación esquelética y dental en dentición primaria o mixta temprana / Evaluation of skeletal and dental changes produced under treatment with acetate plates and class iii elastics in patients with mesial skeletal and dental relationship in deciduous or early mixed dentition

Varios autores han sugerido el tratamiento temprano de las alteraciones oclusales con el fin de cambiar las condiciones de crecimiento craneofacial y disminuir la expresión de las mismas y han sugerido diferentes aparatologías, una de ellas es la propuesta por Franchi y Baccetti en 1998 para las mesiorrelaciones, que consiste en placas de acetato bimaxilares con planos oclusales lisos y elásticos clase III. Este estudio, evaluó los cambios clínicos y cefalométricos obtenidos con dicha terapia en 9 pacientes entre 4 y 7 años con mesiorrelación esquelética durante un año de tratamiento. Se tomaron radiografías cefálicas laterales y modelos de estudio antes, a los seis meses y al finalizar el tratamiento. Los resultados indican cambios positivos esqueléticos y dentoalveolares, tanto en el maxilar como en la mandíbula. En el plano vertical los cambios sugieren compensación de la displasia sagital por la rotación mandibular y los cambios en los tejidos blandos mostraron mejoramiento en la estética facial. Se puede concluir que la terapia es favorable para el mejoramiento de la mesiorrelación en los niños estudiados.

[Memory. An introduction to the study of the cognitive disorders in normal and pathological aging]. / La memoria. Introduccion al estudio de los trastornos cognitivos en el envejecimiento normal y patologico.

INTRODUCTION: As the life expectancy of the population rises, there is also an increase in the frequency of the diseases that appear in the elderly. Aging can be healthy or pathological, but the borderline between the two is still a bit fuzzy. DEVELOPMENT: With the increase in the longevity of the population, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other illnesses linked to the aging process have become more common, above all in people between 65 and 85 years of age. The cognitive aspects that, in clinical practice, are most frequently seen to be involved are memory, attention, executive functions and the speed at which information is processed; these are the most common in these patients but the most severe and insidious as well as the first to appear are problems affecting memory. The physiological mechanism behind memory has still not been wholly explained. The modulation of many of the cognitive processes given by the cerebellum expands the borders in the study of the different mnemonic processes. The prefrontal cortex plays an essential role in controlling attention and in the mnemonic filing system required to supervise and modulate sensory motor processing and the basic complex actions of cognition, emotion and human behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroanatomical, psychological and neurophysiological foundations of memory are very complex and involve the intervention of a number of structures that, within a single integrated context, each contribute to the overall functioning.

[Age-related memory disorder in basic medical care. Some conceptual and epidemiological considerations]. / Trastornos de la memoria asociados con la edad en la atención médica básica. Aspectos conceptuales y epidemiológicos.

INTRODUCTION: Of all the age-related changes, those associated with the nervous system are of primordial importance and, although there are of course exceptions, brain deterioration is very widespread in the elderly. DEVELOPMENT: In both normal and pathological aging, on many occasions the first cognitive dysfunction to appear and the most affected is memory. Age-related memory disorder (ARMD) is a clinical state that is characterised by loss of memory in people aged 50 or over with no other explainable causation and which can be quite common because of its being linked to the normal aging process. Care of these patients involves high economic costs for the family and for society. Although the behavioural defects associated with ARMD are mild, compared to those found in dementias, they are disturbing and difficult for many middle-aged and elderly adults who perform intellectual activities. Yet, the memory disorder observed in the elderly is not always benign, as it can progress towards dementia and they may be two different entities. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of memory disorder is important, since it is a common early sign of dementia syndromes. Its relatively straightforward diagnosis means that it can be used as an effective tool in the hands of general practitioners for the monitoring and treatment of the elderly in their communities.

[Diseases of the peripheral and visual nervous system during infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. / Enfermedades del sistema nervioso periférico y visual durante la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

INTRODUCTION: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is often accompanied by neurological complications. One of these includes disorders affecting the peripheral and visual nervous system, especially during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. DEVELOPMENT: The peripheral neuropathies associated with infection by HIV are an assorted group of disorders, which include acute or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy and neuropathies related to the herpes zoster virus or cytomegalovirus. The most common and clinically important of the neuropathies is painful distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP). The most severely affected cranial nerves are V and VII. The isolation of HIV from the affected nerves suggests a direct role, but an immune mechanism is also possible. Although cytomegalovirus may be associated with a variety of peripheral nerve syndromes, its clinical presentation as a primary demyelinating polyneuropathy is unusual. CONCLUSIONS: DSP and antiretroviral toxic neuropathy are the most common HIV-associated neuropathies. Both HIV infection, by itself, and the neurotoxicity of certain drugs in tritherapy contribute to the development of painful peripheral sensory neuropathy. In researching into the cause of HIV-associated neuropathy further studies are needed to determine the relative roles played by the viral infection and the activation of the immunological factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of the damage done in axons, the dorsal root ganglion and in the sensory pathways in the spinal cord.

[Effectiveness of flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine: a meta-analytical review of the literature]. / Eficacia de flunaricina en la profilaxis de migraña: revisión metaanalítica de la bibliografía.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common and disabling health problem among young and middle aged adults. Flunarizine have been used as a prophylactic medication in its management for more than two decades. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to systematically review the evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials about the efficacy and security of flunarizine versus placebo for the prevention of migraine in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic search were performed using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, the Cochrane Library, Lilacs and others. Reference lists of retrieved studies, reviews and conference abstracts were used to found another articles. Additionally, the authors performed a handsearched in recognized journals related to migraine and neurological topics. Randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trials assessing the efficacy of flunarizine for preventing migraine were included. We evaluated the frequency of the attacks by comparing the mean frequency before and after the intervention for each group of treatment and then the two groups were compared. To evaluate the security of flunarizine we used included and excluded studies and open trials. RESULTS: Nine studies were obtained but only four met the inclusion criteria. The fixed effects model reported a reduction in the frequency of attacks by using flunarizine. The monthly difference was 0.55 attacks (CI 95%= 0.215 0.895; p= 0.002). Somnolence was the most frequent adverse effect in 20.5% of the subjects (n= 1,987). CONCLUSIONS: Based on a small number of trials, flunarizine, at a daily dose of 10 mg lightly reduces the frequency of migraine attacks.

[Occupational stress as one of the concerns of present-day public health services]. / El estrés ocupacional como una de las preocupaciones de la salud pública actual.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational health is aimed at promoting and maintaining the highest degree of physical, mental and social welfare of workers in all professions. METHOD: It is known that psychological conflicts and the individual s inability to adapt to work are capable of generating negative moods, emotional upsets and other maladies that affect not only mental health but also the neurovegetative functioning of the organism. It is for this reason that one of the problems related to the health disease binomial that has attracted most attention among researchers over the last 20 years has been the issue of occupational stress. Work constitutes one of the most valuable sources of psychological and social welfare for human beings and provides adults with the greater part of their meaning and structure, as stated by a number of authors. The review of the literature reveals new criteria about the psychosocial factors that play a part in the occupational area and its repercussions on the health of the worker. Diagnostic tools for future work are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Stress, health, performance in the workplace, the family and the social network all go to make up an integrated whole and this represents one of the main concerns present day public health services are faced with.

[Aids: is it a risk factor in cerebrovascular disease?]. / Sida: Factor de riesgo de enfermedad cerebrovascular?

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has become an important health problem throughout the world. It is generally one the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in developed countries. In these countries the frequency with which it appears is linked with the progress reached in the organisation of the public health system and the higher economic and social standards of their populations, which have given rise to prolonged life expectancy and a greater number of elderly people. In poor countries, however, in recent times there has also been an increase in the number of cases of this entity, although there is no correspondence with the arguments mentioned above concerning rich nations. The risk factors (RF) that are invoked when talking about its genesis must always be taken into account when dealing with its prevention. AIMS. To draw attention to the increase in the number of CVD in an under developed country, apparently due to the high frequency of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suffered by the population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study was conducted involving all the patients admitted to the Hospital Central de Beira between 1 January 1988 and 30 June 1999 with a clinical picture compatible with a CVD. They had all been examined by a neurologist (always the same one) and had also been submitted to serological tests to detect the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). RESULTS: Of the 155 cases with CVD, 56.7% were HIV+. Below the age of 50, CVD is generally not associated with any other RF. CONCLUSION: These findings show that we must expect an increase in the morbidity and mortality from CVD in poor nations, which will balance out the difference that existed up to a few years ago with the more developed countries. The appearance of CVD in young subjects, without any other apparent cause, will force us to rule out a possible HIV infection in high risk individuals

[Dementia associated with AIDS]. / Demencia asociada al sida.

INTRODUCTION: Dementia associated with AIDS or AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is characterized by neurocognitive defects with disorders of the functional ability of the patient for work and the activities of everyday life. The increasing number of AIDS patients has led to a significant rise in those with neurological involvement, especially in poorer countries. DEVELOPMENT: At present no data on the incidence of ADC is available. The prevalence varies with the population studied and criteria used for diagnosis. Some authors have suggested a frequency of 8 to 16%. However, other reports mention an incidence of up to 20.7% of encephalopathy in AIDS patients. The mechanism by which ADC occurs is still not clear. Many factors have been suggested but none confirmed as causal. CLINICAL FEATURES: symptoms are due to subcortical dementia with difficulty in concentration, memory and learning whilst language, recognition, basic attention and executive function are relatively well preserved. DIAGNOSIS: this is essentially clinical, by exclusion, in cases of HIV+ patients with marked immunological deterioration and compatible clinical features. TREATMENT: current clinical guidelines recommend that most AIDS/HIV patients, if not all, should receive treatment with potent combinations of anti retroviral drugs. CONCLUSION: Even in the age of modern, highly active anti retroviral treatment, ADC is still a devastating complication of HIV infection.

Neuroendocrine control of urine-marking behavior in male rats.

Sexually experienced Wistar male rats were used to investigate (a) urine voiding in the presence of nearby estrous females and the control of such voiding by (b) steroid hormones and (c) peripheral nerves supplying the genitourinary system. The first experiment showed that males always have a low rate of urine voiding that is significantly increased when a receptive female is around. Thus, it is suggested that an airborne scent from the female stimulates the olfactory system of males, triggering urine emission to transmit sex-related messages, i.e., male rats display the well-known urine-marking behavior of mammals. The number of urine marks and sniffing to females decreased after castration, and were restored after exogenous treatment with testosterone or estradiol. The proposed hypothesis is that airborne scents from the female activate the aromatization process in nuclei of the olfactory pathway of the male, evoking a cascade of neuronal responses that finish in urine marking. Peripheral nerves supplying the genitourinary system are the viscerocutaneous branch of the pelvic nerve (Vc) and the hypogastric (Hg). Data showed that both nerves are important for the central control of urine storage and voiding. Transection of Vc almost blocked urine marking, while Hg lesion increased the number of marks. Thus, it is discussed that Vc is the most important nerve in charge of voiding the bladder, and that Hg is important for continence.

Análisis genético del virus peruano de la fiebre amarilla / Genetic analysis of the peruvian yellow fever virus

Objetivo: Determinar las variantes genÚticas de aislamientos del virus peruano de la Fiebre Amarilla (FA). Materiales y mÚtodos: La región carboxiterminal del gen de la envoltura (E) de cinco aislamientos de FA obtenidas de pacientes provenientes de Ayacucho 1978 (PER1), JunÝn 1995 (PER2), Cerro de Pasco (PER3), Cusco (1998) y San MartÝn (1999) fue amplificada por PCR, secuenciada y analizada con programas software de ADN. Resultados: El Ýndice de similaridad de la secuencia de aminoßcidos presentó valores entre 97,6 por ciento y 99,7 por ciento de similiridad. El anßlisis filogenÚtico demostró una distancia genÚtica entre 0,40 y 6,50 mediante la secuencia de nucleótidos y, a travÚs de la secuencia de animoßcidos se observó un rango de 0,30 y 4,29. Sin embargo, las secuencias correspondientes a los sitios de glicosilación y a los apitopes de reconocimiento humoral fueron conservadas entre los cinco aislamientos, con excepción de algunos aislamientos de referencia reportados por otros autores. Conclusiones: Los virus de FA peruanos forman un grupo filogenéico distintoa otros virus de FA sudamericanos, basados en el anáisis genéico del gen E.

Fertility ratio in male rats: effects after denervation of two pelvic floor muscles.

Fertility ratio is defined here as the proportion of females that a male can impregnate after a constant period of in-polygyny living. This ratio was investigated in male rats after denervation of two pelvic floor muscles, the pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus. Denervation was carried out by transecting the somatomotor branch of the pelvic nerve. The lesion did not modify the sexual behavior of males or their overall fertility, but decreased the weight of the ejaculated seminal plug. Consequently, the number of days living in cohabitation to induce pregnancy was increased in lesioned males (approximately 13 days) compared with intact and sham animals (approximately 5 days). These results showed that the fertility ratio was optimal when intact/sham males cohabited with females for two consecutive estrous cycles, but that lesioned males needed up to four cycles to induce most pregnancies. Two hypotheses are raised by our results. The first is that pelvic floor denervation decreases the forceful tension required to expel the semen from the prostatic urethra to the vagina, then an incomplete seminal plug is expelled. The second is that denervation cut afferent fibers that reflexively promote the continence of the semen deposited in the prostatic urethra during seminal emission, allowing some to leak out before ejaculation. The latter hypothesis can also explain the recovery of the fertility ratio in lesioned males. It could be a compensatory mechanism mediated by the pudendal nerve supply to the coccygeus muscle, the other pelvic floor muscle.

Vigilancia de la resistencia a los medicamentos antituberculosos en el Perú, 1995-96 / Surveillance about the antituberculosis drugs resistance in Peru, 1995-96

La tuberculosis es un importante y serio problema de salud en el Perú. La resistencia antibiótica constituye un problema emergente de magnitud no totalmente definida. A fin de determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia del M. tuberculosis a los medicamentos antituberculosos e iniciar un estudio de vigilancia, se efectuó un proyecto multicéntrico en 31 subregiones de salud del país, que incluyó muestras de esputo de pacientes diagnosticados de TB, con baciloscopia positiva precedentes de 814 hospitales y centros de salud. Se completó una muestra de 1958 pacientes nuevos y antes trabajos de quienes se obtuvo muestras de esputo, las cuales se cultivaron en los medios de Lowenstein-Jensen y Ogawa y los aislamientos fueron sometidos a pruebas de sensibilidad a los medicamentos anti TB por el método de las proporciones. Los resultados fueron: resistencia a uno o más medicamentos en el 15,4 de 1500 casos de TB no tratados previamente (NT), y en el 36,0 de 458 casos ya tratados (AT). la multirresistencia (MR) afectó a 2,4 de los pacientes NT y un 15,7 de los AT. En 9 casis (0,4) se reportó positividad para HIV, de los cuales seis no tratados (NT) fueron sensibles a los medicamentos anti TB y los otros 3 ya tratados (AT) un (1) caso fue sensible y 2 resistentes de éstos uno de ellos MR. El estudio permitió el fortalecimiento de la Red Nacional de Laboratorios en TB del país, contribuyendo a la seguridad y a la oportunidad en el diagnóstico y control de la enfermedad