Actitudes y creencias de deportistas cubanos de alto rendimiento sobre el dopaje / Atitudes e crenças de atletas cubanos de alto desempenhosobre doping / Attitudes and beliefs of high-performance cuban athletes about doping

La presente investigación no experimental y descriptiva tiene como intención determinar las principales creencias y actitudes en deportistas cubanos de alto rendimiento respecto al dopaje. Se tomó una muestra de 300 deportistas pertenecientes a equipos nacionales de 37 deportes, a los que se le aplicó el instrumento Escala de actitudes y creencias sobre dopaje (Suárez y Ordoqui, 2019). Se realizó el análisis de los datos obtenidos mediante la distribución empírica de frecuencias, las medias y la desviación estándar. Se emplearon además la prueba KMO y Barlett para validar el uso del análisis factorial y la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Se pudo comprobar en más del 50% de la muestra, la presencia de creencias y actitudes de rechazo hacia el consumo de sustancias dopantes y quedaron expuestos los factores que los deportistas reconocen como los de mayor incidencia en la aparición de conductas de propensión hacia el dopaje. (AU)

The present non-experimental and descriptive research intends to determine the main beliefs and attitudes in high-performance Cuban athletes regarding doping. A sample of 300 athletes belonging to national teams of 37 sports was taken, to which the Doping Attitudes and Beliefs Scale instrument was applied (Suárez and Ordoqui, 2019). The analysis of the data obtained was carried out through the empirical distribution of frequencies, the means and the standard deviation. The KMO and Barlett test were also used to validate the use of factor analysis and Pearson's Chi-square test. It was possible to verify in more than 50% of the sample, the presence of beliefs and attitudes of rejection towards the consumption of doping substances and the factors that athletes recognize as those with the highest incidence in the appearance of propensity behaviors towards doping were exposed. (AU)

A presente pesquisa não experimental e descritiva pretende determinar as principais crenças e atitudes em atletas cubanos de alto rendimento em relação ao doping. Foi retirada uma amostra de 300 atletas pertencentes a seleções nacionais de 37 modalidades desportivas, às quais foi aplicado o instrumento Doping Attitudes andBeliefs Scale (Suárez e Ordoqui, 2019). A análise dos dados obtidos foi realizada por meio da distribuição empírica de frequências, médias e desvio padrão. O KMO e o teste de Barlett também foram utilizados para validar o uso da análise fatorial e o testeQui-quadrado de Pearson. Foi possível verificar em mais de 50% da amostra, a presença de crenças e atitudes de rejeição ao consumo de substâncias dopantes e os fatores que os atletas reconhecem como os de maior incidência no aparecimento de comportamentosde propensão ao doping foram expostos. (AU)

Development of an E-learning System for the Endoscopic Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer: An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: In many countries, gastric cancer is not diagnosed until an advanced stage. An Internet-based e-learning system to improve the ability of endoscopists to diagnose gastric cancer at an early stage was developed and was evaluated for its effectiveness. METHODS: The study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. After receiving a pre-test, participants were randomly allocated to either an e-learning or non-e-learning group. Only those in the e-learning group gained access to the e-learning system. Two months after the pre-test, both groups received a post-test. The primary endpoint was the difference between the two groups regarding the rate of improvement of their test results. FINDINGS: 515 endoscopists from 35 countries were assessed for eligibility, and 332 were enrolled in the study, with 166 allocated to each group. Of these, 151 participants in the e-learning group and 144 in the non-e-learning group were included in the analysis. The mean improvement rate (standard deviation) in the e-learning and non-e-learning groups was 1·24 (0·26) and 1·00 (0·16), respectively (P<0·001). INTERPRETATION: This global study clearly demonstrated the efficacy of an e-learning system to expand knowledge and provide invaluable experience regarding the endoscopic detection of early gastric cancer (R000012039).

Long-term evaluation of arthrocentesis for the treatment of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint.

PURPOSE: Arthrocentesis is being used for treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders, including anterior disc displacement with and without reduction. This study was designed to examine the long-term effects of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis in such patients and to evaluate their overall satisfaction with this treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was based on the review of patients' records, a written questionnaire (self-evaluation), and clinical examination. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used for evaluation of pain and dysfunction. Twenty-six patients (39 joints) who had been treated at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital, Virginia Commonwealth University, were included in the study. There were 32 joints with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADsR) and 7 joints with anterior displacement with reduction (ADcR). Patients all had undergone arthrocentesis as outpatients. Follow-up evaluations ranged from 10 to 96 months, with a mean of 48.7 months. RESULTS: Maximum vertical opening (MVO) prearthrocentesis ranged from 20 to 40 mm, with a mean of 25.3 +/- 5.5 mm. Immediately after arthrocentesis, the MVO ranged from 30 to 55 mm, with a mean of 43.8 +/- 5.6 mm. Maximum vertical opening at long-term follow-up ranged from 15 to 50 mm, with a mean of 37.1 +/- 8.8 mm. There was a significant increase in MVO between prearthrocentesis and postarthrocentesis both short- and long-term (P < .001). The short- and long-term postoperative VAS values for pain and dysfunction showed a significant decrease (P < .001) when compared with the VAS values preoperatively. Fourteen of the 26 patients (54%) no longer experienced pain, and the remaining 9 had less pain than before arthrocentesis as assessed by self-evaluation and clinical examination. Three of 26 patients had improvement for a period, later relapsed, and required subsequent surgery. Twenty-three of the 26 patients (88%) were completely satisfied with their treatment. Overall, an 88% success rate was achieved. CONCLUSION: Arthrocentesis can reduce pain and dysfunction, both short- and long-term, in patients with anterior disc displacement.

Postnatal caffeine effects on copper, zinc, and iron concentrations in mammary gland, milk, and plasma of lactating dams and their offspring.

Beginning on the day of delivery and until the 15th or 22nd day of lactation, one group of dams received a 20% protein diet as a basal diet and one group received the basal diet supplemented with caffeine (4 mg/100 g body weight). A correlation between caffeine concentrations in the dams' plasma and milk was observed. In the caffeine group, levels of Fe and Cu in the dams' mammary glands at day 22 were decreased. Copper levels in the milk at day 15 and Fe and Zn levels in the milk at day 22 showed a significant decrease. Copper concentration in the plasma of 15-day-old pups showed a significant decrease also, but Zn and Fe concentration showed no difference between caffeine and noncaffeine control groups. The present study shows that the dams' consumption of a caffeine-containing diet influences trace elements of mammary glands, milk, and pups' plasma.