(PhSe)2 and (pCl-PhSe)2 organochalcogen compounds inhibit Candida albicans adhesion to human endocervical (HeLa) cells and show anti-biofilm activities.

Adhesion capacity on biological surfaces and biofilm formation is considered an important step in the infection process by Candida albicans. The ability of (PhSe)2 and (pCl-PhSe)2, two synthetic organic selenium (organochalcogen) compounds, to act on C. albicans virulence factors related to adhesion to human endocervical (HeLa) cell surfaces and their anti-biofilm activities was analyzed. Both organochalcogen compounds inhibited C. albicans adhesion to HeLa cells, dependent on compound concentrations. (PhSe)2 (at 20 µM; p = 0.0012) was significantly more effective than (pCl-PhSe)2 (at 20 µM; p = 0.0183) compared with the control. (PhSe)2 inhibited biofilm formation and decreased biofilm viability in both early and mature biofilms more efficiently than (pCl-PhSe)2. Overall, the organochalcogen compounds, especially (PhSe)2, were demonstrated to be effective antifungal drugs against C. albicans virulence factors related to epithelial cell surface adhesion and the formation and viability of biofilms.

Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) using methylene blue inhibits the viability of the biofilm produced by Candida albicans.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus, an etiological agent of human infections, presenting high rates of morbidity and mortality. The resistance of C. albicans to conventional therapies has been reported due to the extensive use of conventional antifungals. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a technique that combines a visible light with a specific wavelength and a photosensitizer, producing ROS and permanent damages in the treated cells. METHODS: In this work, the effects of PACT, using Methylene Blue (MB), as a photosensitizer, on C. albicans development were studied. RESULTS: Significant reduction in both cell growth and biofilm formation after PACT were observed, in a dependent manner on both MB concentration and fluence. In the presence of MB 0.02 mg/mL, it was observed inhibition in biofilm formation of ˜58, 70 and 74%, using fluences of 10, 20 and 30 J/cm2, respectively. Also, it was observed inhibition of 54, 66 and 55% in the presence of MB 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively in the viability of biofilm produced by C. albicans. The number of both yeast and filaments present in the structure of biofilm were reduced after PACT. Furthermore, PACT changed the growth kinetics of C. albicans. Interestingly, we demonstrated increase in the extent of lag phase and an alteration in the profile of the exponential phase after PACT. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results indicate the potential PACT effects using MB to decrease the C. albicans development.

Mobile applications used in the nursing work process: integrative review / Aplicativos móveis utilizados no processo de trabalho em enfermagem: revisão integrativa

Objetiva-se identificar nas evidências científicas os aplicativos móveis utilizados no Brasil para o processo de trabalho em Enfermagem. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com pesquisa de estudos primários indexados na SciELO, LILACS e BDENF. Foram selecionados 11 artigos científicos, dois quais cinco apresentaram foco no ensino, dois na segurança do paciente, um na enfermagem psiquiátrica, dois na atuação do enfermeiro na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e um na auditoria de enfermagem. Houve um crescimento de pesquisas associadas à utilização de aplicativos multimídias em plataforma móvel no processo de trabalho em Enfermagem, embora ainda seja reduzido o número de estudos desenvolvidos. Constatou-se por meio dos estudos que os aplicativos móveis na Enfermagem foram utilizados como suporte rápido e eficaz na obtenção de informações em qualquer ambiente geográfico. Conclui-se sobre a necessidade de estudos de validação dos aplicativos por especialistas na área de Enfermagem e informática, além da produção de estudos complementares, com vistas ao aprofundamento desse tema. Espera-se que os enfermeiros sintam-se estimulados à produção científica nessa temática, ao considerar os resultados significativos encontrados nesta pesquisa para o ensino e prática profissional da equipe de Enfermagem

The aim is to identify in the scientific evidences the mobile applications used in the work process in Nursing. It is an integrative review, with research of primary studies indexed in: SciELO, LILACS and BDENF. Eleven scientific articles were selected, of which five focused on teaching, two on patient safety, one on psychiatric nursing, two on the nurse's work in the Intensive Care Unit and one on the nursing audit. There has been a growth of research associated to the use of multimedia applications in mobile platform in the work process in Nursing, although the number of studies developed is still reduced. It was verified through the studies that the mobile applications in Nursing were used as fast and effective support in obtaining information in any geographical environment. It is concluded that there is a need for validation studies of the applications by specialists in the field of Nursing and computer science, as well as the production of complementary studies, in order to deepen this theme. Nurses are expected to feel stimulated to scientific production in this subject, when considering the significant results found in this research for the teaching and professional practice of the Nursing team

Conhecimento de enfermeiros e médicos de uma microrregião do Nordeste brasileiro sobre a vacinação infantil / Knowledge of nurses and physicians of a micro-region of Northeast Brazil on child vaccination

O objetivo foi avaliar o conhecimento de profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família de uma microrregião do Nordeste brasileiro sobre o calendário vacinal no primeiro ano de vida. Estudo descritivo, seccional com 33 médicos e 50 enfermeiros. Os dados foram processados pelo software Statistical Package for the Social Science versão 19. A maioria dos participantes (62,5%) afirmou não ter recebido treinamento para atuar em sala de vacina. Ao cruzar o conhecimento com a categoria profissional, verificou-se significância estatística para o enfermeiro (p≤0,02). Quanto aos motivos para o adiamento e às contraindicações, observou-se baixa porcentagem de acertos. Há necessidade de capacitar os profissionais responsáveis pelas imunizações, no sentido de assegurar os benefícios e a qualidade da imunização nas crianças de 1 ano.

The aim was to evaluate the knowledge of professionals of the Family Health Strategy of a micro-region of Northeast Brazil about the vaccine calendar in the first year of life. Descriptive, sectional study with 33 physicians and 50 nurses. The data were processed by the software Statistical Package for Social Science, version 19. The majority of the participants (62.5%) stated that they had not received training to work in the vaccine room. When crossing the knowledge with the professional category, statistical significance was verified for the nurse (p≤0.02). Regarding the reasons for postponement and contraindications, we observed a low percentage of correct answers. There is a need to train professionals responsible for immunizations to ensure the benefits and quality of immunization in 1-year-old children.

El objetivo fue evaluar el conocimiento de profesionales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de una microrregión del Nordeste brasileño sobre el calendario vacunal en el primer año de vida. Estudio descriptivo, seccional con 33 médicos y 50 enfermeros. Los datos fueron procesados por el software Statistical Package for the Social Science, versión 19. La mayoría de los participantes (62,5%) afirmó no haber recibido entrenamiento para actuar en sala de vacuna. Al cruzar el conocimiento con la categoría profesional, se verificó significancia estadística para el enfermero (p≤0,02). En cuanto a los motivos para el aplazamiento y las contraindicaciones, se observó un bajo porcentaje de aciertos. Hay necesidad de capacitar a los profesionales responsables de las inmunizaciones, para asegurar los beneficios y la calidad de la inmunización en los niños de 1 año.

Capacitação de Enfermeiros na Estratégia Saúde da Família: análise do processo de educação permanente para o Sistema Único de Saúde / Training of Nurses in Strategy Family Health: analysis of the process of permanent education for the Single System of health

O objetivo foi analisar a formação permanente de enfermeiros que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Realizou-se um estudo observacional descritivo, transversal com 19 enfermeiros. As variáveis foram coletadas mediante um formulário estruturado. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (versão 18.0). Existe um percentual alto de realização de capacitação pelos enfermeiros do município avaliado, em áreas vitais da saúde pública, pois 100% dos enfermeiros possuem capacitação em Saúde da Criança/Imunização, Eliminação da Hanseníase e Controle da Tuberculose. Conclui-se que os enfermeiros buscam, por meio das capacitações oferecidas pelos órgãos competentes, a aprendizagem para transformar as práticas profissionais mediante uma contínua interação com a comunidade, no sentido de mobilizá-la e estimular sua participação.

The aim was to analyze the qualification and qualification of nurses working in the Family Health Strategy. A descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was carried out with 19 nurses. The variables were collected using a structured form. The data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 18.0). There is a high percentage of training carried out by nurses in the municipality evaluated in vital public health areas, since 100% of nurses have training in Child Health/Immunization, Leprosy Elimination and Tuberculosis Control. It is concluded that the nurses seek, through the capacities offered by the competent bodies, the learning to transform professional practices through a continuous interaction with the community, in order to mobilize and stimulate their participation

El objetivo fue analizar la calificación y capacitación de los enfermeros que trabajan en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal con 19 enfermeros. Las variables fueron recolectadas mediante un formulario estructurado. Los datos fueron analizados por el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (versión 18.0). En el caso de los enfermeros del municipio evaluado, en áreas vitales de la salud pública, existe un porcentaje alto de realización de capacitación por los enfermeros del municipio evaluado, pues el 100% de los enfermeros poseen capacitación en Salud del niño/Inmunización, Eliminación de la Hanseniasis y Control de la Tuberculosis. Se concluye que los enfermeros buscan, a través de las capacitaciones ofrecidas por los órganos competentes, el aprendizaje para transformar las prácticas profesionales mediante una continua interacción con la comunidad, en el sentido de movilizarla y estimular su participación

Epidemiological situation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related mortality in a municipality in northeastern Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths covers different segments of the population differently, making monitoring of this mortality essential. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological situation of AIDS-related mortality in a municipality in the northeastern region of Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional study based on data from death certificates in the mortality information system of the Health Information Center, Municipal Health Foundation, Brazil. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2013, we investigated death certificates on which AIDS-related mortality was reported. Sociodemographic data, year, place, type of establishment where death occurred and underlying and associated causes that led to AIDS-related death were described. The Mann-Kendall test was used to verify the growth trend of the standardized mortality rate over the period studied. RESULTS: Among the 1,066 AIDS-related deaths, 69.7% were among men; 47.2% of the individuals were 28-41 years of age, 32.7% had had 4-7 years of schooling, 66.9% were pardos (mixed race), 55.7% were unmarried and 15.3% were housekeepers. Hospitals were the site of 97% of the deaths, and 91% occurred at public hospitals. Respiratory failure was the main cause of death. The prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases was 99.0%. AIDS-related mortality increased by 160% over the period studied, from 5.5/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 14.3/100,000 in 2013. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian municipality studied here, AIDS-related mortality was most prevalent among men and young adults of lower socioeconomic level. Over the period studied, the mortality rate increased.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using toluidine blue inhibits both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei.

Among non-albicans Candida species, the opportunistic pathogen Candida krusei emerges because of the high mortality related to infections produced by this yeast. The Candida krusei is an opportunistic pathogen presenting an intrinsic resistance to fluconazol. In spite of the reduced number of infections produced by C. krusei, its occurrence is increasing in some groups of patients submitted to the use of fluconazol for prophylaxis. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a nontoxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using toluidine blue, as a photosensitizer on both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei. In this work, we studied the effect of the PACT, using TB on both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. PACT was performed using a light source with output power of 0.068 W and peak wavelength of 630 nm, resulting in a fluence of 20, 30, or 40 J/cm2. In addition, ROS production was determined after PACT. The number of samples used in this study varied from 6 to 8. Statistical differences were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison with Tukey-Kramer test. PACT inhibited both growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei. It was also observed that PACT stimulated ROS production. Comparing to cells not irradiated, irradiation was able to increase ROS production in 11.43, 6.27, and 4.37 times, in the presence of TB 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the inhibition observed in the cell growth after PACT could be related to the ROS production, promoting cellular damage. Taken together, these results demonstrated the ability of PACT reducing both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. krusei.

Epidemiological situation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related mortality in a municipality in northeastern Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths covers different segments of the population differently, making monitoring of this mortality essential. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological situation of AIDS-related mortality in a municipality in the northeastern region of Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cross-sectional study based on data from death certificates in the mortality information system of the Health Information Center, Municipal Health Foundation, Brazil. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2013, we investigated death certificates on which AIDS-related mortality was reported. Sociodemographic data, year, place, type of establishment where death occurred and underlying and associated causes that led to AIDS-related death were described. The Mann-Kendall test was used to verify the growth trend of the standardized mortality rate over the period studied. RESULTS: Among the 1,066 AIDS-related deaths, 69.7% were among men; 47.2% of the individuals were 28-41 years of age, 32.7% had had 4-7 years of schooling, 66.9% were pardos (mixed race), 55.7% were unmarried and 15.3% were housekeepers. Hospitals were the site of 97% of the deaths, and 91% occurred at public hospitals. Respiratory failure was the main cause of death. The prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases was 99.0%. AIDS-related mortality increased by 160% over the period studied, from 5.5/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 14.3/100,000 in 2013. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian municipality studied here, AIDS-related mortality was most prevalent among men and young adults of lower socioeconomic level. Over the period studied, the mortality rate increased.

Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT), using Toluidine blue O inhibits the viability of biofilm produced by Candida albicans at different stages of development.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus producing both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It has been demonstrated that C. albicans ability to form biofilms is a crucial process for colonization and virulence. Furthermore, a correlation between the development of drug resistance and biofilm maturation at Candida biofilms has been shown. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a non-toxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) on the viability of biofilms produced by C. albicans at different stages of development. METHODS: In this study, the effects of PACT on both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans were studied. Biofilm formation and viability were determined by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT assay. In addition, the morphology of the biofilm was observed using light microscopy. RESULTS: PACT inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of the biofilm produced by C. albicans. Furthermore, PACT was able to decrease the number of both cells and filamentous form present in the biofilm structure. This inhibitory effect was observed in both early and mature biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study demonstrated the potential of PACT (using TBO) as an effective antifungal therapy, including against infections associated with biofilms at different stages of development.

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans is inhibited by photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), using chlorin e6: increase in both ROS production and membrane permeability.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal producing both superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, it has been described an increase in the frequency of infections which have become refractory to standard antifungal therapy. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a potential antimicrobial therapy that combines visible light and a nontoxic dye, known as a photosensitizer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can kill the treated cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PACT, using chlorin e6, as a photosensitizer on C. albicans. In this work, we studied the effect of PACT on both cell growth and biofilm formation by C. albicans. In addition, both ROS production and cell permeability were determined after PACT. PACT inhibited both growth and biofilm formation by C. albicans. We have also observed that PACT increased both ROS production (six times) and cell membrane permeability (five times) in C. albicans. PACT decreased both cell growth and biofilm development. The effect of PACT using chlorin e6 on C. albicans could be associated with an increase in ROS production, which could increase cell permeability, producing permanent damage to the cell membranes, leading to the cell death.

Efeitos da Suplementação Alimentar com Whey Protein e Leucina em Ratos Normais / Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Whey Protein and Leucine in Normal Mice

O uso indiscriminado de suplementos proteicos e à base de aminoácidos tem despertado o interesse em avaliar possíveis efeitos prejudiciais à saúde associados à ingestão de doses excessivas, especialmente sobre a função renal. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com whey protein e leucina sobre a função renal, parâmetros metabólicos e massa corporal de ratos sob condições fisiológicas. Rattus norvegicus, pesando 327±24g foram distribuídos em cinco grupos (n=5-7/grupo) e alimentados com ração comercial e água ad libitum e tratados v.o com whey protein nas doses de 0,45 e 1,8 g/kg/dia (WP1 e WP2), leucina 0,675 e 1,35 g/kg/dia (LEU1 e LEU2), ou água (controle C). A suplementação foi feita por gavagem, diluindo-se os suplementos em água destilada em volume de 10 mL/kg. Após quatro semanas, amostras de sangue foram obtidas e processadas para dosagens bioquímicas de creatinina, ureia, triglicérides, colesterol total e frações e glicemia de jejum. Para avaliação estatística, utilizou-se ANOVA seguida de pós-teste Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Houve ganho de peso em WP2 e LEU2 e menor consumo alimentar em WP1, WP2 e LEU1. Não houve aumento dos níveis de creatinina e ureia plasmática, indicativos de disfunção renal. Foi observada redução estatisticamente significativa de triglicérides, colesterol total e glicemia de jejum em LEU1 quando comparado ao controle, p<0,05. Não houve interferência dos tratamentos sobre as frações LDL-c e HDL-c. A suplementação alimentar com whey protein e leucina não resultou em danos renais. A leucina na dose de 0,675 g/Kg promoveu melhor perfil metabólico.(AU)

The indiscriminate use of protein supplements and amino acid base has aroused the interest in evaluating possible detrimental health effects associated with the ingestion of excessive doses, especially on renal function. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with whey protein and leucine on renal function, metabolic parameters and body mass of mice under physiological conditions. Rattus norvegicus, weighing 327 ± 24g were divided into five groups (n = 5-7 / group) and fed with commercial feed and water ad libitum and whey protein at doses of 0.45 and 1.8 g / kg / day (WP1 and WP2), leucine 0.675 and 1.35 g / kg / day (Leu1 and LEU2) or water (control C). The supplement was provided by gavage, diluting supplements in distilled water at a concentration of 10 ml / kg. After four weeks, blood samples were obtained and analyzed for biochemical levels of creatinine, urea, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions and fasting glucose. For statistical analysis, ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test at 5% significance level was used. There was weight gain in WP2 and LEU2 and lower food consumption in WP1, WP2 and Leu1. There was no increase in creatinine and urea plasma levels, indicative of renal dysfunction. There was a statistically significant reduction of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose in Leu1 when compared to the control, p <0.05. There was no interference of treatment on LDL-C and HDL-C fractions. Supplementing with whey protein and leucine did not result in kidney damage. Leucine at a dose of 0.675 g / kg led to improved metabolic profile.(AU)

Perfil de idosos internados no hospital de urgência / Profile of elderly patients admitted to the hospital emergency

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de idosos internados em um Hospital de Urgência de Teresina-PI. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, exploratória e retrospectiva. A amostra foi constituída dos idosos internados entre o período de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2011. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de abril a maio de 2013. As variáveis analisadas foram às características sóciodemográficas dos idosos e causas da internação hospitalar. Os dados foram codificados e processados no programa SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solucions - versão 19.0). Resultados: Os resultados apontaram que 55,3% da amostra pertenciam ao gênero masculino, 44,7% ao feminino, com maiores índices de internações para o gênero masculino - 55,3%, a faixa etária predominante foi de 70 à 74 anos - 20,3%, quanto ao estado civil, 56,6% eram casados, 46,2% possuíam o ensino fundamental, 71,9% eram aposentados, quanto a procedência, 56,6% residiam no interior do estado. Dentre as principais causas das internações destacou-se: Fraturas - 21,6%, Acidente Vascular Cerebral - 12,2%, Insuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva - 7,5%, Debridamento de Úlceras - 4,9% e outras Causas com 14%. Conclusão: Os aspectos preventivos ainda são as medidas mais eficazes para minimizar as internações de idosos, deste modo, destaca-se a atenção básica/primária e suas tecnologias leves voltadas à promoção da saúde.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of elderly admitted to a Hospital Emergency Teresina-PI. Methodology: Study quantitative, descriptive, exploratory and retrospective. The sample consisted of elderly inpatients between the period January to December 2011. Data collection took place between april-may 2013. The analyzed variables were the sociodemographic characteristics of the elderly and causes of hospitalization. Data were coded and processed using SPSS program (Statistical Product and Service Solucions - version 19.0). Results: The results showed that 55.3% of the sample were male, 44.7% to the female, with higher rates of hospitalizations for males - 55.3%, the predominant age group was 70 to 74 years - 20.3%, with respect to marital status, 56.6% were married, 46.2% had primary education, 71.9% were retired, 56.6% was from the inside. Among the leading causes of hospitalizations stood out: Fractures - 21.6%, Cerebrovascular Accident 12.2%, Congestive Heart Failure - 7.5%, Debridement of Ulcers - 4.9% and other causes 14 %. Conclusion: It was concluded that the preventive aspects are still the most effective measures to decrease the hospitalization of the elderly, therefore, is important to emphasize primary care and its lightweight technologies aimed at promoting health.