Identification of Potential Multitarget Compounds against Alzheimer's Disease through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions, and it is the most prevalent type of dementia worldwide, accounting for 60 to 70% of cases. The pathogenesis of AD seems to involve three main factors: deficiency in cholinergic transmission, formation of extracellular deposits of ß-amyloid peptide, and accumulation of deposits of a phosphorylated form of the TAU protein. The currently available drugs are prescribed for symptomatic treatment and present adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, hypertension, and weight loss. There is urgency in finding new drugs capable of preventing the progress of the disease, controlling the symptoms, and increasing the survival of patients with AD. This study aims to present new multipurpose compounds capable of simultaneously inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-responsible for recycling acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft-and beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1)-responsible for the generation of amyloid-ß plaques. AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 are currently considered the best targets for the treatment of patients with AD. Virtual hierarchical screening based on a pharmacophoric model for BACE-1 inhibitors and a dual pharmacophoric model for AChE and BChE inhibitors were used to filter 214,446 molecules by QFITBACE > 0 and QFITDUAL > 56.34. The molecules selected in this first round were subjected to molecular docking studies with the three targets and further evaluated for their physicochemical and toxicological properties. Three structures: ZINC45068352, ZINC03873986, and ZINC71787288 were selected as good fits for the pharmacophore models, with ZINC03873986 being ultimately prioritized for validation through activity testing and synthesis of derivatives for SAR studies.

Molecular Multi-Target Approach for Human Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and ß-Secretase 1: Next Generation for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss and other affected cognitive functions. Pharmacological therapy of AD relies on inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), offering only a palliative effect and being incapable of stopping or reversing the neurodegenerative process. However, recent studies have shown that inhibiting the enzyme ß-secretase 1 (BACE-1) may be able to stop neurodegeneration, making it a promising target. Considering these three enzymatic targets, it becomes feasible to apply computational techniques to guide the identification and planning of molecules capable of binding to all of them. After virtually screening 2119 molecules from a library, 13 hybrids were built and further screened by triple pharmacophoric model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (t = 200 ns). The selected hybrid G meets all stereo-electronic requirements to bind to AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 and offers a promising structure for future synthesis, enzymatic testing, and validation.

Leishmanicidas potenciais: síntese de fármacos dirigidos derivados de inibidores de diidrofolato redutase e pteridina redutase, de ação seletiva em macrófagos / Potentials Leishmanicidas: synthesis targeted drugs of inhibitors DHFR and PTR, on macrophage in selectivity action

A leishmaniose é doença amplamente distribuída no mundo, afetando mais de 80 países. A quimioterapia desta doença caracteriza-se pela falta de fármacos de ação específica e eficiente, sendo o tratamento de escolha baseado em compostos antimoniais, cuja ação tóxica sobre o organismo do hospedeiro é intensa. Com base na ação das enzimas DHFR e PTR1, envolvidas na biossíntese dos folatos, e na existência de receptores de manose na superficíe dos macrófagos, células parasitadas pela Leishmania sp., foram sintetizados fármacos dirigidos de pirimetamina, fármaco inibidor da DHFR e da PTR1. Para liberação seletiva nos macrófagos, utilizaram-se, como transportadores, derivados de dextrano e manana...

Leishmaniasis. What do we know about its chemotherapy?

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease that remains without suitable chemotherapeutic options. The present status of clinical therapy is almost the same as thirty years ago. The disease world situation is becoming worst, mainly due to man invasion of wild areas, poverty, civil and military movements and co-infection, specially with HIV. Many compounds have been tested as potential antileishmanial drugs and our objective is to summarize the options for the treatment, presenting some of the newly discovered compounds being tested, with commentsabout the most promising. Clinical usual and unusual aspects, diagnosis methods and concomitant AIDS are briefly discussed and some words are dedicated to new biochemical approaches...

Pantoprazol, o terceiro agente inibidor ATPase K+/H+ / Pantoprazole, the third antiulcer agent K+/H+ ATPase

Trabalho de revisäo sobre pantoprazol quanto à açäo farmacológica, farmacocinética, metabolismo, mecanismomo de açäo, uso terapêutico, dose e administraçäo, comparaçäo com outros fármacos, associaçöes, efeitos adversos e interaçöes medicamentosas.(au)