[Sociodemographic characterization of adolescents who accessed to services related to voluntary termination of pregnancy due to rape. Chile: 2018 - 2020]. / Caracterización sociodemográfica de adolescentes que tuvieron acceso a las prestaciones vinculadas con la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo por violación. Chile: 2018 - 2020.

Ground N°3 of Law 21,030 allows for the termination of a pregnancy due to rape, with the woman's consent, establishing a gestational age limit of 14 weeks for adolescents under 14 years of age and 12 weeks for those over 14 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To describe, between the period 2018-2020, the main sociodemographic and other variables linked to ground N°3 in minors under 14 years, adolescents aged 14 years or older and under 18 years, and women aged 18 years or older. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive, and population-based design. National data was obtained from the official registry of the Ministry of Health and through the Transparency Law. Measures of central tendency (median), dispersion (interquartile range), absolute frequencies, and percentages were used. RESULTS: 31.6% of the women with rape-related pregnancies were under 18 years of age. Women under 14 lived mainly in the regions of the country, had a higher gestational age at the time of the ground factor, and 31.2% decided to continue the pregnancy. Adolescents aged 14 or older and under 18, had a higher multidimensional poverty index. Women aged 18 or older were most frequently foreigners, lived mainly in the Metropolitan Region, and decided to terminate the pregnancy. 57.4% of those who reported the rape and 11.1% who failed to establish the ground were under 18. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual violence is a public health problem. Pregnancy due to rape in adolescents is a social reality. There should be permanent evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of Law 21,030, guaranteeing timely, efficient, and nondiscriminatory access to benefits.

Derechos y deberes de información: el rol de la atención primaria de salud en la implementación de la ley que despenaliza la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en tres causales en Chile / Drets i deures d'informació: el rol de l'atenció primària de salut en la implementació de la llei que despenalitza la interrupció voluntària de l'embaràs en tres causals a Xile / The right to information: The role of Primary Health Care in theimplementation of the Abortion Law in Chile

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que indagasobre la implementación de la ley de interrupción del embarazo que despenalizó elaborto en tres causales específicas en Chile en 2017 (Ley 21.030) y el rol que laatención primaria de salud (APS) en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Serealizaron 19 entrevistas a personal de la salud de la APS y del nivel secundariode atención en la Región Metropolitana además de dos personas del Ministerio deSalud.El cambio de régimen de penalización total a uno de despenalización por causalesexige capacitación a los equipos de salud e información a la población. Loshallazgos revelan que la falta de información y capacitación formal al personalsanitario constituye un obstáculo para el ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeresque otorga la ley, produciéndose un efecto cascada, en que las mujeres nocuentan con la información suficiente para ejercer sus derechos. A ello se suma,una disposición en la ley que produce confusión entre profesionales sobrepublicidad e información sobre los servicios. Se analizan los resultados a partir deestándares normativos nacionales e internacionales respecto a la obligación deinformar, y el derecho a ser informado en contexto de prestaciones sanitarias relativas al aborto.(AU)

Es va realitzar un estudi exploratori a través d'una enquesta a Comitès d'Ètica a països d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib de parla hispana, per rellevar la seva situació davant d'emergències sanitàriesi consultar els dilemes ètics enfrontats a les investigacions per a COVID-19. S'obtingueren respostes de 106 comitès, pertanyents a 14 països. Només el 24% va respondre que existia una xarxa de comunicació eficient i efectiva entre comitès, prèvia a la pandèmia. El 45% va respondre que no existien a la seva regió comitès específics per avaluar projectes vinculats a emergències sanitàries amb anterioritat a la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que disposava de procediments previs per avaluar investigacions ensituacions d'emergències sanitàries va ser només de 7%, si bé el 52% estava en procés d'elaboració arran de la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que va considerar raonable un temps inferior a 5 dies per a l'avaluació de projectes de recerca va variar en virtut del disseny: 32% per als estudis observacionals i 12% per als assaigs clínics amb drogues o amb vacunes.Els tres problemes ètics principals identificats als estudis per a COVID van estar relacionats amb el consentiment informat, els aspectes metodològics i la poca informació prèvia o manca d'evidència per als productes de recerca. Considerem que cal reformular la manera de pensar els problemes ètics de les emergències cap a un abordatge global, amb un enfocament preventiu, on les xarxes de col·laboració entre els CEI haurien de convertir-se en regla.(AU)

This article presents the results of a qualitative research that inquiriesabout theimplementation of the law on termination of pregnancy that decriminalized abortionon three specific grounds in Chile in 2017 (Law 21.030) and the role of primaryhealth care (PHC) in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Nineteen interviews wereconducted with PHC and secondary level of care health professionals in addition totwo officials from the Ministry of Health. The change from a regime of totalcriminalization to one of decriminalization by cause requires training for healthteams and information for the population.The findings reveal that the lack ofinformation and formal training for health personnel constitutes an obstacle to theexercise of women's rights under the law, producing a cascade effect in whichwomen do not have sufficient information to exercise their rights. In addition, thereis a provision in the law that causes confusion among professionals aboutadvertising and information on services.The results are analyzed on the basis ofnational and international normative standards regarding the obligation to informand the right to be informed in the context of health services related to abortion.(AU)

Derechos sexuales y reproductivos: confidencialidad y VIH/SIDA en adolescentes chilenos / Reproductive and sexual rights: confidentiality and HIV/AIDS in chilean adolescents

Los adolescentes enfrentan obstáculos culturales e institucionales al momento de concurrir a los servicios de salud en busca de atención en salud sexual y reproductiva. Los jóvenes que se autoperciben de riesgo en VIH/SIDA experimentan discriminación por consideraciones socioeconómicas, y se vulnera su derecho a acceder a servicios de salud bajo un marco de confidencialidad, desconociendo el principio de autonomía progresiva y la evolución de sus facultades. La Convención Internacional de los Derechos del Niño (CIDN), ratificada por Chile, provee un marco jurídico que propicia un diálogo y una nueva relación de los adolescentes con la familia, el Estado y la sociedad, e instala un nuevo paradigma a partir del cual la infancia y la adolescencia son consideradas sujetos de derechos.

Adolescents face cultural and institutional obstacles when visiting health care services searching for sexual and reproductive health care. Youngsters who consider themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS undergo discrimination due to socioeconomic reasons, and their right to health care access is infringed under a confidential framework. The principle of progressive autonomy and the evolution of their faculties is ignored. The International Convention for Child's Rights, ratified by Chile, provides a legal framework for dialogue and for a new relationship between adolescents with their family, the State and society, establishing a new paradigm to consider infants and adolescents as subjects to rights.

Os adolescentes enfrentam barreiras culturais e institucionais no momento se utilizarem os serviços de saúde em busca de cuidados de saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Os jovens que se auto percebem como de risco HIV/AIDS, são discriminados por questões sócio-econômicas e se enfraquece seu direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde sob um marco de confidencialidade, desconhecendo o princípio de autonomia progressiva e a evolução de suas faculdades. A Convenção Internacional de Direitos da Criança, ratificada pelo Chile, prevê um marco jurídico que possibilita um diálogo e uma nova relação dos adolescentes com a família, o Estado e a Sociedade, e instala um novo paradigma a partir do qual a infância e a adolescência são considerados como sujeitos de direitos.

Objeción de conciencia y salud reproductiva en Chile: dos casos paradigmáticos / Conscientious objection and reproductive health in Chile: two paradigmatic cases

Este artículo reflexiona sobre objeción de conciencia y salud reproductiva en dos casos paradigmáticos: la anticoncepción de emergencia y la esterilización voluntaria. Se plantean varias preguntas respecto de la objeción de conciencia en el campo de la salud reproductiva y de los dilemas éticos (y políticos) de los cuales, como sociedad democrática, debemos hacernos cargo.

This paper meditates upon conscientious objection and reproductive health in two paradigmatic cases: emergency contraception and voluntary sterilization. Several questions arise regarding conscientious objection towards reproductive health and its ethical (and political) dilemma. As a democratic society we should be concerned about both of them.

Este artigo reflete sobre a objeção de consciência e saúde reprodutiva nos dois casos paradigmáticos: a anticoncepção de emergência e a esterilização voluntária. Formulam-se uma serie de perguntas a respeito da objeção de consciência no campo da saúde reprodutiva e dos dilemas éticos e políticos dos quais, como sociedade democrática, devemos nos responsabilizar.

Abortion policies and practices in Chile: ambiguities and dilemmas.

Abortion is not legal in Chile even to save the woman's life or health. This situation creates serious dilemmas and vulnerabilities for both women and medical practitioners. Abortion incidence has probably decreased since 1990, when data were last studied, due to increased use of contraception and lower fertility, and deaths and complication rates have fallen as well. Misoprostol is available, but Chilean hospitals are still using D&C for incomplete abortions. Although Chilean medical professionals should by law report illegal abortions to the authorities, less than 1% of women in hospital with abortion complications are reported. There are two loopholes, one legal, one clinical. "Interruption of pregnancy" after 22 weeks of pregnancy is legal for medical reasons; this may save some women's lives but can also force prolongation of health-threatening pregnancies. Catholic clinical guidelines define interventions solely aimed at saving the woman's life, even if the fetus dies, not as abortion but "indirect abortion" and permissible. Since 1989, three bills to liberalise the law on therapeutic grounds have been unsuccessful. The political climate is not favourable to changing the law. Conservatives have also not succeeded in making the law more punitive, while the governing centre-left coalition is divided and the associated political risks are considerable.