RESUMO
In areas where malaria is endemic and microscopes are unavailable, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are essential tools for early diagnosis and prompt and effective treatment. However, HRP2-based RDTs are threatened by the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that do not carry the pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 gene, leading to false-negative results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the ParaHIT RDT together with the proportion of pfhrp2/3 gene-deleted P. falciparum parasites in Togo. The performance of RDTs compared with microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was determined using capillary blood collected by finger prick during a cross-sectional study conducted from September 2021 to January 2022 in children aged 6-59 months at two sentinel sites. Blood spots were collected for molecular analysis. Amplicons from the target regions (exon 2 of hrp2 and hrp3 genes) were generated by multiplex nested PCR and sequenced using Illumina's MiSeq protocol. A total of 278 samples were analyzed for ParaHIT RDT evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of the RDT test compared with microscopy were 96.4% and 85.7%, respectively, which increased to 97.9% and 90.7%, respectively, when compared with PCR. Of the microscopically and PCR-positive P. falciparum samples, 138 were sequenced to detect pfhrp2/3 deletions. None of the parasites had a single pfhrp2 deletion or a single pfhrp3 deletion. The ParaHIT RDT demonstrated an acceptable level of performance in this evaluation, confirming the use of HRP2-based RDTs for the detection of P. falciparum infection in areas where microscopy is not available in Togo.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) are the currently recommended first- and second-line therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Togo. This study assessed the efficacy of these combinations, the proportion of Day3-positive patients (D3 +), the proportion of molecular markers associated with P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs, and the variable performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). METHODS: A single arm prospective study evaluating the efficacy of AL and DP was conducted at two sites (Kouvé and Anié) from September 2021 to January 2022. Eligible children were enrolled, randomly assigned to treatment at each site and followed up for 42 days after treatment initiation. The primary endpoint was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). At day 0, samples were analysed for mutations in the Pfkelch13, Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, dhfr, dhps, and deletions in the hrp2/hrp3 genes. RESULTS: A total of 179 and 178 children were included in the AL and DP groups, respectively. After PCR correction, cure rates of patients treated with AL were 97.5% (91.4-99.7) at day 28 in Kouvé and 98.6% (92.4-100) in Anié, whereas 96.4% (CI 95%: 89.1-98.8) and 97.3% (CI 95%: 89.5-99.3) were observed at day 42 in Kouvé and Anié, respectively. The cure rates of patients treated with DP at day 42 were 98.9% (CI 95%: 92.1-99.8) in Kouvé and 100% in Anié. The proportion of patients with parasites on day 3 (D3 +) was 8.5% in AL and 2.6% in DP groups in Anié and 4.3% in AL and 2.1% DP groups in Kouvé. Of the 357 day 0 samples, 99.2% carried the Pfkelch13 wild-type allele. Two isolates carried nonsynonymous mutations not known to be associated with artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) (A578S and A557S). Most samples carried the Pfcrt wild-type allele (97.2%). The most common Pfmdr-1 allele was the single mutant 184F (75.6%). Among dhfr/dhps mutations, the quintuple mutant haplotype N51I/C59R/S108N + 437G/540E, which is responsible for SP treatment failure in adults and children, was not detected. Single deletions in hrp2 and hrp3 genes were detected in 1/357 (0.3%) and 1/357 (0.3%), respectively. Dual hrp2/hrp3 deletions, which could affect the performances of HRP2-based RDTs, were not observed. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm that the AL and DP treatments are highly effective. The absence of the validated Pfkelch13 mutants in the study areas suggests the absence of ART -R, although a significant proportion of D3 + cases were found. The absence of dhfr/dhps quintuple or sextuple mutants (quintuple + 581G) supports the continued use of SP for IPTp during pregnancy and in combination with amodiaquine for seasonal malaria chemoprevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12623000344695.