Enhanced education and physiotherapy before knee replacement; is it worth it? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Around 20% of knee replacement have an unsatisfactory outcome. Pre-operative physiotherapy and education have been proposed to improve post-operative outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review evaluated whether these factors improved length of stay and patient reported outcomes after knee replacement surgery. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO and PEDro were searched on the 1st January 2013. STUDY SELECTION OR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised studies assessing either pre-operative education or physiotherapy on patients undergoing a planned total or partial knee replacement were included in the review. Only studies with a control group receiving a defined standard of pre-operative care were included. RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria set. Two studies analysed the effect of pre-operative education, seven pre-operative treatment by a physiotherapist and two studies used both factors. No study found significant differences in validated joint specific patient reported outcome measures. The education studies found a decrease in pre-operative expectation and an improvement in knowledge, flexion and regularity of exercise. Two studies found an improvement in muscle strength in the group treated by a physiotherapist at three months. The combination of education and physiotherapy was shown to reduce patient length of stay and cost in one study. CONCLUSION: The evidence reviewed is insufficient to support the implementation of either pre-operative education or physiotherapy programmes. The combination of pre-operative education and treatment by a physiotherapist may reduce the medical costs associated with surgery.

Noninvasive reproductive steroid hormone estimates from fecal samples of captive female sea otters (Enhydra lutris).

Noninvasive methods were validated for monitoring fecal metabolites of reproductive hormones (total estrogens and progestagens) in sea otters. Several captive female sea otters were sampled an average of two to three times per week over at least 1 year to document the reproductive hormone levels within each major reproductive event (estrus, anestrus, luteal phase, and pregnancy). We report significant differences in reproductive hormone levels consistent with most reproductive categories, as well as the minimal number of consecutive samples needed to accurately determine pregnancy using these methods.