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1.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis ; 1868(4): 166324, 2022 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34954343

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a key molecule involved in the nurturing effect of myelin on ensheathed axons. MAG also inhibits axon outgrowth after injury. In preclinical stroke models, administration of a function-blocking anti-MAG monoclonal antibody (mAb) aimed to improve axon regeneration demonstrated reduced lesion volumes and a rapid clinical improvement, suggesting a mechanism of immediate neuroprotection rather than enhanced axon regeneration. In addition, it has been reported that antibody-mediated crosslinking of MAG can protect oligodendrocytes (OLs) against glutamate (Glu) overload by unknown mechanisms. PURPOSE: To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of anti-MAG therapy with a focus on neuroprotection against Glu toxicity. RESULTS: MAG activation (via antibody crosslinking) triggered the clearance of extracellular Glu by its uptake into OLs via high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters. This resulted not only in protection of OLs but also nearby neurons. MAG activation led to a PKC-dependent activation of factor Nrf2 (nuclear-erythroid related factor-2) leading to antioxidant responses including increased mRNA expression of metabolic enzymes from the glutathione biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory chain of cystine/Glu antiporter system xc- increasing reduced glutathione (GSH), the main antioxidant in cells. The efficacy of early anti-MAG mAb administration was demonstrated in a preclinical model of excitotoxicity induced by intrastriatal Glu administration and extended to a model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis showing axonal damage secondary to demyelination. CONCLUSIONS: MAG activation triggers Glu uptake into OLs under conditions of Glu overload and induces a robust protective antioxidant response.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/metabolismo , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Acídicos/genética , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Acídicos/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Axônios/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/patologia , Ácido Glutâmico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , Glutationa/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/imunologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Oligodendroglia/citologia , Oligodendroglia/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 81(5): 774-779, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34633951

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between glutamate (Glu) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at disease onset and disease progression during follow up in a cohort of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Glu level was measured at disease onset (first relapse). MRI was obtained at baseline and follow-up (every 12 months) to determine the percent of brain volume change (PBVC), cortical thickness (CT), and T2 lesion volume (T2LV). The primary predictors of interest were baseline CSF Glu levels, PBVC and CT, as well as clinical disease progression [measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and annualized relapse rate] during follow-up. A total of 26 MS patients were included. Mean concentration of Glu in CSF at diagnosis was 5.3 ± 0.4 uM/l. A significant association was observed between higher baseline levels of Glu and an increase in EDSS during follow up (b = 1.06, 95%CI 0.47-1.66, p = 0.003) as well as PBVC (b = -0.71 95%CI -0.56-1.38, p = 0.002) and CT (b = -0.15, 95%CI -0.06-0.33, p = 0.01). We did not observe an association between baseline Glu levels and relapse rate or T2LV during follow-up (b = 0.08, 95%CI -0.11-0.43, p = 0.11 and b = 195, 95%CI -39-330, p = 0.22, respectively). Higher Glu concentrations at disease onset were associated with an increase in PBVC and EDSS progression during follow-up in MS patients.


El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la asociación entre el nivel de glutamato en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) al inicio de la enfermedad y la progresión de la enfermedad durante el seguimiento en una cohorte de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM). Se determinaron niveles de glutamato (Glu) en LCR al inicio de la enfermedad. Se realizó una resonancia basal y durante el seguimiento cada 12 meses con el objeto de determinar el porcentaje de cambio de volumen cerebral (PCVC), grosor cortical (GC) y volumen lesional cerebral en secuencia T2 (VLT2). Los predictores primarios de interés fueron los niveles basales de Glu en LCR, PCVC Y GC, así como la progresión clínica de la enfermedad [medida por Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) y tasa anual de recaídas]. Un total de 26 pacientes fueron incluidos. La concentración media de Glu fue de 5.3 ± 0.4 uM/l. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre concentraciones basales elevadas de Glu y la progresión del EDSS (b = 1.06, IC 95% 0.47-1.66, p = 0.003), así como también el PCVC (b = -0.71, IC 95% -0.56-1.38, p = 0.002) y CG (b = -0.15, IC 95% -0.06-0.33, p = 0.01). No se encontró asociación entre los niveles de Glu y la tasa anual de recaídas como tampoco el VLT2 (b = 0.08, IC 95% -0.11-0.43, p = 0.11 y b = 195, IC -39-330, p = 0.22, respectivamente). Los niveles aumentados de Glu se asociaron con un mayor cambio en el PCVC y progresión del EDSS durante el seguimiento.


Assuntos
Esclerose Múltipla Crônica Progressiva , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente , Esclerose Múltipla , Ácido Glutâmico , Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 81(5): 774-779, oct. 2021. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1351050

RESUMO

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la asociación entre el nivel de glutamato en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) al inicio de la enfermedad y la progresión de la enfermedad durante el seguimiento en una cohorte de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM). Se determinaron niveles de glutamato (Glu) en LCR al inicio de la enfermedad. Se realizó una resonancia basal y durante el seguimiento cada 12 meses con el objeto de determinar el porcentaje de cambio de volumen cerebral (PCVC), grosor cortical (GC) y volumen le sional cerebral en secuencia T2 (VLT2). Los predictores primarios de interés fueron los niveles basales de Glu en LCR, PCVC Y GC, así como la progresión clínica de la enfermedad [medida por Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) y tasa anual de recaídas]. Un total de 26 pacientes fueron incluidos. La concentración media de Glu fue de 5.3 ± 0.4 μM/l. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre concentraciones basales elevadas de Glu y la progresión del EDSS (b = 1.06, IC 95% 0.47-1.66, p = 0.003), así como también el PCVC (b = -0.71, IC 95% -0.56-1.38, p = 0.002) y CG (b = -0.15, IC 95% -0.06-0.33, p = 0.01). No se encontró asociación entre los niveles de Glu y la tasa anual de recaídas como tampoco el VLT2 (b = 0.08, IC 95% -0.11-0.43, p = 0.11 y b = 195, IC -39-330, p = 0.22, respectivamente). Los niveles aumentados de Glu se asociaron con un mayor cambio en el PCVC y progresión del EDSS durante el seguimiento.


Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between glutamate (Glu) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at disease onset and disease progression during follow up in a cohort of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Glu level was measured at disease onset (first relapse). MRI was obtained at baseline and follow-up (every 12 months) to determine the percent of brain volume change (PBVC), cortical thickness (CT), and T2 lesion volume (T2LV). The primary predictors of interest were baseline CSF Glu levels, PBVC and CT, as well as clinical disease progression [measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and annualized relapse rate] during follow-up. A total of 26 MS patients were included. Mean concentration of Glu in CSF at diagnosis was 5.3 ± 0.4 μM/l. A significant association was observed between higher baseline levels of Glu and an increase in EDSS during follow up (b = 1.06, 95%CI 0.47-1.66, p = 0.003) as well as PBVC (b = -0.71 95%CI -0.56-1.38, p = 0.002) and CT (b = -0.15, 95%CI -0.06-0.33, p = 0.01). We did not observe an association between baseline Glu levels and relapse rate or T2LV during follow-up (b = 0.08, 95%CI -0.11-0.43, p = 0.11 and b = 195, 95%CI -39-330, p = 0.22, respectively). Higher Glu concentrations at disease onset were associated with an increase in PBVC and EDSS progression during follow-up in MS patients.


Assuntos
Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla Crônica Progressiva , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente , Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico , Ácido Glutâmico
4.
Salud Colect ; 17: e3809, 2021 12 20.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35896326

RESUMO

Taking Georges Canguilhem's 1943 book The normal and the pathological as a starting point, this article explores the ways in which the neurosciences define, validate, and legitimize the existence of autistic traits as a subclinical expression of autism. The general hypothesis is that different assumptions based on a naturalistic perspective of health and disease have become consolidated in the specialized literature. Such assumptions include that behaviors should be explained strictly in biological terms, that there is an objective and statistical parameter of normality, and that individuals' behaviors can be analyzed independently of their context. Based on some aspects of Canguilhem's arguments regarding health, normality, and normativity, we analyze the ways in which the neurosciences assign a quasi-pathological quality to the descriptive notion of autistic traits. It is possible to conclude that this process involves certain assumptions taken in an aprioristic and uncritical manner, which inhibits the discussion of key aspects associated with the nature of autism and that end up pathologizing differences between people.


A partir de la obra Lo normal y lo patológico de Georges Canguilhem, publicada en 1943, se explora cómo las neurociencias definen y legitiman, en la actualidad, la existencia de los rasgos autistas como expresión subclínica de autismo. La hipótesis general del presente trabajo es que en la bibliografía especializada de este ámbito parecen consolidarse diferentes supuestos asumidos en el marco de una perspectiva naturalista de la salud. Tales supuestos refieren a que los comportamientos deben ser explicados estrictamente en términos biológicos, que existe un parámetro de normalidad de carácter objetivo y estadístico, y que las conductas de los individuos pueden ser analizadas separadamente del contexto. Retomando algunos aspectos de la propuesta de Canguilhem sobre salud, normalidad y normatividad, se analiza de qué manera las neurociencias otorgan una cualidad cuasi-patológica a una noción descriptiva como la de rasgos autistas. A nuestro entender, este proceso involucra la asunción apriorística y acrítica de supuestos que impiden poner en discusión aspectos elementales asociados a la naturaleza del autismo y que conducen a patologizar la diferencia entre personas.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico , Dissidências e Disputas , Saúde , Humanos
5.
Salud colect ; 17: 3809-3809, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1365983

RESUMO

RESUMEN A partir de la obra Lo normal y lo patológico de Georges Canguilhem, publicada en 1943, se explora cómo las neurociencias definen y legitiman, en la actualidad, la existencia de los rasgos autistas como expresión subclínica de autismo. La hipótesis general del presente trabajo es que en la bibliografía especializada de este ámbito parecen consolidarse diferentes supuestos asumidos en el marco de una perspectiva naturalista de la salud. Tales supuestos refieren a que los comportamientos deben ser explicados estrictamente en términos biológicos, que existe un parámetro de normalidad de carácter objetivo y estadístico, y que las conductas de los individuos pueden ser analizadas separadamente del contexto. Retomando algunos aspectos de la propuesta de Canguilhem sobre salud, normalidad y normatividad, se analiza de qué manera las neurociencias otorgan una cualidad cuasi-patológica a una noción descriptiva como la de rasgos autistas. A nuestro entender, este proceso involucra la asunción apriorística y acrítica de supuestos que impiden poner en discusión aspectos elementales asociados a la naturaleza del autismo y que conducen a patologizar la diferencia entre personas.


ABSTRACT Taking Georges Canguilhem's 1943 book The normal and the pathological as a starting point, this article explores the ways in which the neurosciences define, validate, and legitimize the existence of autistic traits as a subclinical expression of autism. The general hypothesis is that different assumptions based on a naturalistic perspective of health and disease have become consolidated in the specialized literature. Such assumptions include that behaviors should be explained strictly in biological terms, that there is an objective and statistical parameter of normality, and that individuals' behaviors can be analyzed independently of their context. Based on some aspects of Canguilhem's arguments regarding health, normality, and normativity, we analyze the ways in which the neurosciences assign a quasi-pathological quality to the descriptive notion of autistic traits. It is possible to conclude that this process involves certain assumptions taken in an aprioristic and uncritical manner, which inhibits the discussion of key aspects associated with the nature of autism and that end up pathologizing differences between people.

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