Corollary Discharge Dysfunction as a Possible Substrate of Anomalous Self-experiences in Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Corollary discharge mechanism suppresses the conscious auditory sensory perception of self-generated speech and attenuates electrophysiological markers such as the auditory N1 Event-Related Potential (ERP) during Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. This phenomenon contributes to self-identification and seems to be altered in people with schizophrenia. Therefore, its alteration could be related to the anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) frequently found in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: To analyze corollary discharge dysfunction as a possible substrate of ASEs, we recorded EEG ERP from 43 participants with schizophrenia and 43 healthy controls and scored ASEs with the 'Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences' (IPASE). Positive and negative symptoms were also scored with the 'Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia' (PANSS) and with the 'Brief Negative Symptom Scale' (BNSS) respectively. The N1 components were elicited by two task conditions: (1) concurrent listening to self-pronounced vowels (talk condition) and (2) subsequent non-concurrent listening to the same previously self-uttered vowels (listen condition). STUDY RESULTS: The amplitude of the N1 component elicited by the talk condition was lower compared to the listen condition in people with schizophrenia and healthy controls. However, the difference in N1 amplitude between both conditions was significantly higher in controls than in schizophrenia patients. The values of these differences in patients correlated significantly and negatively with the IPASE, PANSS, and BNSS scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate previous data relating auditory N1 ERP amplitude with altered corollary discharge mechanisms in schizophrenia and support corollary discharge dysfunction as a possible underpinning of ASEs in this illness.

Barriers and Facilitators to Prevention and Care of COVID-19 Infection in Cincinnati Latinx Families: a Community-Based Convergent Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Latinx populations have experienced disproportionately high case rates of COVID-19 across the USA. Latinx communities in non-traditional migration areas may experience greater baseline day-to-day challenges such as a lack of resources for immigrants and insufficient language services. These challenges may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the results of an initial community health needs assessment to better understand the prevention and care of COVID-19 infection in the Cincinnati Latinx community. METHODS: We used convergent mixed methods to examine barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 prevention and care for those with infection. RESULTS: Latinx adults ≥ 18 years old completed 255 quantitative surveys and 17 qualitative interviews. Overarching mixed methods domains included knowledge, prevention, work, challenges, and treatment. Quantitative results largely reinforced qualitative results (confirmation). Certain quantitative and qualitative results, however, diverged and expanded insights related to caring for COVID-19 infection among Latinx adults (expansion). There were infrequent contradictions between quantitative and qualitative findings (discordance). Primary barriers for the Latinx community during the COVID-19 pandemic included insecurities in food, jobs, housing, and immigration. Key facilitators included having trusted messengers of health-related information. CONCLUSION: Public health interventions should be centered on community partnerships and the use of trusted messengers. Wraparound services (including resources for immigrants) are essential public health services. Close partnership with employers is essential as lack of sick leave and mask supplies were more frequent barriers than knowledge. These findings emerged from experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic but likely generalize to future public health crises.

The drop plate method as an alternative for Azospirillum spp viable cell enumeration within the consensus protocol of the REDCAI network

Abstract Quality evaluation of commercial inoculants is essential to warrant an adequate cropresponse to inoculation within a biosecurity framework. In this sense, this work is aimed at standardizing and validating the drop plate method for the enumeration of Azospirillum viable cellsas an alternative to the spread plate technique, which is currently proposed in the consensusprotocol of the REDCAI network. Between 14 and 25 private and public laboratories partici-pated in three independent trials. We obtained consistent and robust results that allowed toconfirm that both techniques are equivalent, concluding that the drop plate method is an alternative enumeration technique that is adequate to be included in the abovementioned consensusprotocol.

Resumen La evaluación de la calidad de los inoculantes comerciales es fundamental para garantizar una adecuada respuesta de los cultivos a la inoculación dentro de un marco de bioseguridad. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la estandarización y validación de la técnica de la microgota para la cuantificación de Azospirillum como metodología alternativa a la técnica de siembra en superficie, propuesta actualmente en el protocolo consenso de la Red de Calidad de Inoculantes, REDCAI. Entre 14 y 25 laboratorios, tanto privados como públicos, participaron de tres ensayos independientes. A partir de ellos se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles y robustos que permiten confirmar que ambas técnicas son equivalentes y concluir que la técnica de recuento por la microgota es una alternativa adecuada para ser incluida dentro del mencionado protocolo consenso.

The drop plate method as an alternative for Azospirillum spp. viable cell enumeration within the consensus protocol of the REDCAI network.

Quality evaluation of commercial inoculants is essential to warrant an adequate crop response to inoculation within a biosecurity framework. In this sense, this work is aimed at standardizing and validating the drop plate method for the enumeration of Azospirillum viable cells as an alternative to the spread plate technique, which is currently proposed in the consensus protocol of the REDCAI network. Between 14 and 25 private and public laboratories participated in three independent trials. We obtained consistent and robust results that allowed to confirm that both techniques are equivalent, concluding that the drop plate method is an alternative enumeration technique that is adequate to be included in the abovementioned consensus protocol.

Type I Photosensitized Oxidation of Methionine†.

Methionine (Met) is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid, sensitive to oxidation. The oxidation of Met can occur by numerous pathways, including enzymatic modifications and oxidative stress, being able to cause relevant alterations in protein functionality. Under UV radiation, Met may be oxidized by direct absorption (below 250 nm) or by photosensitized reactions. Herein, kinetics of the reaction and identification of products during photosensitized oxidation were analyzed to elucidate the mechanism for the degradation of Met under UV-A irradiation using pterins, pterin (Ptr) and 6-methylpterin (Mep), as sensitizers. The process begins with an electron transfer from Met to the triplet-excited state of the photosensitizer (Ptr or Mep), to yield the corresponding pair of radicals, Met radical cation (Met•+ ) and the radical anion of the sensitizer (Sens•- ). In air-equilibrated solutions, Met•+ incorporates one or two atoms of oxygen to yield methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and methionine sulfone (MetO2 ), whereas Sens•- reacts with O2 to recover the photosensitizer and generate superoxide anion (O2 •- ). In anaerobic conditions, further free-radical reactions lead to the formation of the corresponding dihydropterin derivatives (H2 Ptr or H2 Mep).

Quenching of the Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Pterin by Amino Acids.

Unconjugated oxidized pterins accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo and, under UVA irradiation, photosensitize the oxidation of amino acids. In this work, we study the interaction of the singlet and triplet excited states of pterin (Ptr), the parent compound of oxidized pterins, with four oxidizable amino acids: tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His) and methionine (Met). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements and laser flash photolysis experiments were performed to investigate the quenching of the Ptr excited states by the amino acids in aqueous solution. The singlet excited states of Ptr are quenched by Met mainly via a dynamic process and by Trp via a combination of dynamic and static processes. His does not quench singlet excited states of Ptr, and quenching by Tyr could not be investigated due to the low solubility of this amino acid. The triplet excited states of Ptr are quenched by the four studied amino acids, and the corresponding bimolecular quenching rate constants are in the range of diffusion controlled limit. The assessment of the results in the context of the Ptr-photosensitization of amino acids suggests that triplet excited state of Ptr is the species that initiates the photochemical processes.

Degradation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues of peptides by type I photosensitized oxidation.

Pterin derivatives are involved in various biological functions, including enzymatic processes that take place in human skin. Unconjugated oxidized pterins are efficient photosensitizers under UV-A irradiation and accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, a chronic depigmentation disorder. These compounds are able to photoinduce the oxidation of the peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. In the present work we have used two peptides in which the amino acid sequence of α-MSH was mutated to specifically investigate the reactivity of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine residues (Tyr). The parent compound of oxidized pterins (Ptr) was used as a model photosensitizer in aqueous solution at pH5.5 and was exposed to UV-A radiation, a wavelength range where the peptides do not absorb. Trp residue yields N-formylkynurenine and hydroxytryptophan as oxidized products, whereas the Tyr undergoes dimerization and incorporation of oxygen atoms. In both cases, the first step of the mechanism involves an electron transfer from the amino acid to the photosensitizer triplet excited state, Ptr is not consumed and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is released. The role of singlet oxygen produced by energy transfer from 3Ptr⁎ to dissolved O2 was negligible or minor. Other amino acid residues, such as histidine, might be also affected.

Histidine oxidation photosensitized by pterin: pH dependent mechanism.

Aromatic pterins accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, a chronic depigmentation disorder, due to the oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the biologically active form of pterins. In this work, we have investigated the ability of pterin, the parent compound of aromatic pterins, to photosensitize the oxidation of histidine in aqueous solutions under UV-A irradiation. Histidine is an α-amino acid with an imidazole functional group, and is frequently present at the active sites of enzymes. The results highlight the role of the pH in controlling the competition between energy and electron transfer mechanisms. It has been previously demonstrated that pterins participate as sensitizers in photosensitized oxidations, both by type I (electron-transfer) and type II mechanisms (singlet oxygen ((1)O2)). By combining different analytical techniques, we could establish that a type I photooxidation was the prevailing mechanism at acidic pH, although a type II mechanism is also present, but it is more important in alkaline solutions.

Degradation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone photosensitized by pterin.

Oxidized pterins, efficient photosensitizers under UV-A irradiation, accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, a chronic depigmentation disorder. In this work, we have investigated the ability of pterin (Ptr), the parent compound of oxidized pterins, to photosensitize the oxidation of the peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. Our results showed that Ptr is able to photoinduce the degradation of α-MSH upon UV-A irradiation and that the reaction is initiated by an electron transfer from the peptide to the triplet excited state of Ptr. The photosensitized process produces chemical changes in at least two different amino acid residues: tryptophan and tyrosine (Tyr). It was shown that α-MSH undergoes dimerization and oxidation, the former process taking place after the formation of Tyr radicals. The present findings are analyzed in the context of the general behavior of pterins as photosensitizers and the biological implications are discussed.

Oxidation of tyrosine photoinduced by pterin in aqueous solution.

Pterins, heterocyclic compounds widespread in biological systems, accumulate in the skin of patients suffering from vitiligo, a chronic depigmentation disorder. Pterins have been previously identified as good photosensitizers under UV-A irradiation. In this work, we have investigated the ability of pterin (Ptr), the parent compound of oxidized pterins, to photosensitize the oxidation of tyrosine (Tyr) in aqueous solutions. Tyr is an important target in the study of the photodynamic effects of UV-A radiation because it is oxidized by singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and plays a key role in polymerization and cross-linking of proteins. Steady UV-A irradiation of solutions containing Ptr and Tyr led to the consumption of Tyr and dissolved O2, whereas the Ptr concentration remained unchanged. Concomitantly, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was produced. By combining different analytical techniques, we could establish that the mechanism of the photosensitized process involves an electron transfer from Tyr to the triplet excited state of Ptr. Mass spectrometry, chromatography and fluorescence were used to analyze the photoproducts. In particular, oxygenated and dimeric compounds were identified.