Profile of sexuality and symptoms of lower urinary tract in non-institutionalized elderly

ABSTRACT Introduction: Urinary or sexual dysfunction in the elderly are underreported. However, they are highly prevalent. This study aims to identify the prevalence of these conditions. Objective: The aim is to carry out an investigation in non-institutionalized individuals over 60 years of age, to obtain data on its sexual and urinary health in São Paulo, Campinas, Santo André and Londrina. Results: 6.000 questionnaires were distributed, and 3425 were included in the study, for the analysis of the questionnaires separately. In relation to ADAM, 92% of the 1385 evaluated were suspicious of androgen deficiency (ADAM). As for the male sexual function, it was observed 37% of premature ejaculation. As for the female sexual function, 1300 (74%) did not practice sexual intercourse and the main reasons were: lack of partner and lack of sexual desire. In addition, 988 (78%) of women who had no sexual intercourse responded that they didn't want sex and, more importantly, about 22% of them would like to have sexual intercourse. International prostate symptom score (IPSS) showed gradual worsening of urinary symptoms with increasing age, being the most prevalent: nocturia and urinary urgency. As for the female IPSS, we noted that even after 80 years, the majority have mild symptoms related to voiding dysfunction; with increasing age there is a gradual increase in the result of the IPSS. Conclusion: Due to the large number of sexual and urinary disorders found, we recommend the improvement in health conditions, promoting a better quality of life in the elderly.

Profile of sexuality and symptoms of lower urinary tract in non-institutionalized elderly.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary or sexual dysfunction in the elderly are underreported. However, they are highly prevalent. This study aims to identify the prevalence of these conditions. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to carry out an investigation in non-institutionalized individuals over 60 years of age, to obtain data on its sexual and urinary health in São Paulo, Campinas, Santo André and Londrina. RESULTS: 6.000 questionnaires were distributed, and 3425 were included in the study, for the analysis of the questionnaires separately. In relation to ADAM, 92% of the 1385 evaluated were suspicious of androgen deficiency (ADAM). As for the male sexual function, it was observed 37% of premature ejaculation. As for the female sexual function, 1300 (74%) did not practice sexual intercourse and the main reasons were: lack of partner and lack of sexual desire. In addition, 988 (78%) of women who had no sexual intercourse responded that they didn't want sex and, more importantly, about 22% of them would like to have sexual intercourse. International prostate symptom score (IPSS) showed gradual worsening of urinary symptoms with increasing age, being the most prevalent: nocturia and urinary urgency. As for the female IPSS, we noted that even after 80 years, the majority have mild symptoms related to voiding dysfunction; with increasing age there is a gradual increase in the result of the IPSS. CONCLUSION: Due to the large number of sexual and urinary disorders found, we recommend the improve-ment in health conditions, promoting a better quality of life in the elderly.

Periprostatic innervation: New issues based on segmental analysis of 10 human cadaver pelvic blocs.

BACKGROUND: The exact paths of periprostatic nerves have been under debate over the last decades. In the present study, the topographic distribution of nerves around the prostate and their relative distances from the prostatic capsule were analyzed in male cadaver visceral blocs. METHODS: The pelvic organs from ten fresh male cadavers were removed and serial sectioned en bloc for histological investigation. The macroslices was divided into four sectors. Each sector was centrally covered with a raster dividing each sector in three subsectors numbered clockwise. The prostatic capsule was identified, and distances of 2.5 and 5 mm from the prostate were demarked with lines. We quantified the number of nerve fibers present in each subsector of each slide and recorded their position relative to the prostatic capsule. RESULTS: In general, the topographic analysis revealed that the majority of nerves were identified in sectors 4 through 9, corresponding to the posterolateral and posterior surfaces of the prostate gland. At the prostate base, the majority of nerves were found at the posterolateral and posterior surfaces of the gland. Within the mid-region of the prostate, the same topographic distribution pattern was observed, but the nerve fibers were closer to the prostatic capsule. At the apical region, the percentage of nerve fibers identified in the anterior region was higher, despite their major concetration in the posterior surface. The nerves identified at the apex were mainly located up to 2.5 mm from the prostate. This proximity to the prostate was specifically observed in the anterolateral and anterior sectors. In the craniocaudal sense, the percentage of nerves identified between 2.5 and 5 mm from the prostatic capsule remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of nerve fibers were present in the anterior and anterolateral positions, especially at the apex. The anterior nerves were closer to the prostate. This proximity suggests that the anterior nerves may participate in local physiology and that the cavernous nerves are probably formed by the posterior nerve fibers. It is likely that the safe distance of 2.5 mm from all surfaces of the prostate may be related to cavernous fiber preservation.

Analysis of the effect of renal excretory system cooling during thermal radiofrequency ablation in an animal model.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of renal excretory system integrity and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation with and without irrigation with saline at 2°C (SF2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The median third of sixteen kidneys were submitted to radiofrequency (exposition of 1 cm) controlled by intra-surgical ultrasound, with eight minutes cycles and median temperature of 90°C in eight female pigs. One excretory renal system was cooled with SF2, at a 30mL/min rate, and the other kidney was not. After 14 days of post-operatory, the biggest diameters of the lesions and the radiological aspects of the excretory system were compared by bilateral ascending pyelogram and the animals were sacrificed in order to perform histological analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the diameters of the kidney lesions whether or not exposed to cooling of the excretory system. Median diameter of the cooled kidneys and not cooled kidneys were respectively (in mm): anteroposterior: 11.46 vs. 12.5 (p = 0.23); longitudinal: 17.94 vs. 18.84 (p = 0.62); depth: 11.38 vs. 12.25 (p = 0.47). There was no lesion of the excretory system or signs of leakage of contrast media or hydronephrosis at ascending pyelogram. CONCLUSION: Cooling of excretory system during radiofrequency ablation does not sig¬nificantly alter generated coagulation necrosis or affect the integrity of the excretory system in the studied model.

Analysis of the effect of renal excretory system cooling during thermal radiofrequency ablation in an animal model

Objective: Analysis of renal excretory system integrity and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation with and without irrigation with saline at 2 o C (SF2). Materials and Methods: The median third of sixteen kidneys were submitted to radiofrequency (exposition of 1 cm) controlled by intra-surgical ultrasound, with eight minutes cycles and median temperature of 90 o C in eight female pigs. One excretory renal system was cooled with SF2, at a 30ml/min rate, and the other kidney was not. After 14 days of post-operatory, the biggest diameters of the lesions and the radiological aspects of the excretory system were compared by bilateral ascending pyelogram and the animals were sacrificed in order to perform histological analysis. Results: There were no significant differences between the diameters of the kidney lesions whether or not exposed to cooling of the excretory system. Median diameter of the cooled kidneys and not cooled kidneys were respectively (in mm): anteroposterior: 11.46 vs. 12.5 (p = 0.23); longitudinal: 17.94 vs. 18.84 (p = 0.62); depth: 11.38 vs. 12.25 (p = 0.47). There was no lesion of the excretory system or signs of leakage of contrast media or hydronephrosis at ascending pyelogram. Conclusion: Cooling of excretory system during radiofrequency ablation does not significantly alter generated coagulation necrosis or affect the integrity of the excretory system in the studied model. .

PSA-nadir at 1 year as a sound contemporary prognostic factor for low-dose-rate iodine-125 seeds brachytherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of outcomes in patients with localized prostate cancer treated with iodine-125 brachytherapy in a longitudinal uncontrolled study. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2011, 560 histologically confirmed patients were treated with brachytherapy of whom 305 with ≥24-month follow-up and localized tumor were evaluated after exclusion of those locally advanced and under androgen ablation. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 63.93 years (44-88), mean pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 6.34 ng/mL (0.67-33.09), overall median follow-up was 75.35 months (24-158.37), biochemical recurrence occurred in 17 patients (5.57 %), cancer-specific survival was 100 %, and overall survival was 98.03 %. At multivariate analyses, only PSA-nadir at 1 year and age were related to disease-free survival: To each unit of PSA-nadir, the risk increases 87.3 %-OR 1.87 (p < 0.001; 95 % CI 1.31-2.67), and risk was 4.7 times higher for those under 50 years (vs. >70)-OR 4.69 (p = 0.04; 95 % CI 1.39-18.47). Best cutoff for PSA-nadir at one year was 0.285 (AUC = 0.78; p < 0.001; 95 % CI 0.68-0.89). Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed PSA-nadir (p < 0.001) as prognostic, while D'Amico's classification failed (p = 0.24). No grade 3 or 4 complication was reported, and only 31.4 % of patients had grade 2 urinary or rectal toxicity. PSA bounce ≥0.4 ng/mL occurred in 18.4 % with no impact on biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Half (50.49 %) of patients in the scenario of localized prostate cancer treated with iodine-125 brachytherapy reach PSA-nadir at 1 year <0.285, recognized as a key independent prognostic factor.

Disfunção erétil / Erectile dysfunction

Uma grande revolução no tratamento da disfunção erétil, especialmente após o desenvolvimento dos primeiros inibidores da 5-fosfodiesterase (5-PDE), no final dos anos 90, marcou profundamente a história da sexualidade humana, repercutindo sobretudo na população de difícil tratamento (diabetes mellitus, prostatectomizados por câncer e outros casos de disfunção orgânica). Respeitando a estratégia de tratamento de cada urologista, os pacientes devem ser estimulados a experimentar todos os tipos de inibidores da 5-PDE disponíveis. Na falha da farmacoterapia oral, ou quando houver contraindicação para ela, dever-se-á considerar a injeção intracavernosa e, finalmente, implante cirúrgico de prótese peniana.

Paraganglioma of seminal vesicle and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review.

CONTEXT: Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are rare tumors that have been reported in many locations, including the kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, prostate, spermatic cord, gallbladder, uterus and vagina. CASE REPORT: This report describes, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a primary paraganglioma of the seminal vesicle occurring in a 61-year-old male. The patient presented persistent arterial hypertension and a previous diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. It was hypothesized that the seminal vesicle tumor could be a metastasis from the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin in tumor cell nests and peripheral S100 protein expression in sustentacular cells. Succinate dehydrogenase A and B-related (SDHA and SDHB) expression was present in both tumors. CONCLUSIONS: No genetic alterations to the VHL and SDHB genes were detected in either the tumor tissue or tissues adjacent to the tumor, which led us to rule out a hereditary syndrome that could explain the association between paraganglioma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a patient with arterial hypertension.

Goserelin versus leuprolide in the chemical castration of patients with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relative efficiency of leuprolide 3.75 mg, leuprolide 7.5 mg, and goserelin 3.6 mg in relation to the reduction in serum testosterone, regarding the levels of castration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated prospectively 60 randomized patients with advanced prostate carcinoma, with indication for hormone blockade. The patients were divided into 3 groups of 20: Group (1) received leuprolide 3.75 mg; Group (2) received leuprolide 7.5 mg; and Group (3) received goserelin 3.6 mg. All groups were treated with monthly application of the respective drugs. The patients' levels of serum testosterone were evaluated in two moments: before the treatment and 3 months after the treatment. RESULTS: The patients' ages were similar within the three groups, with a median of 72, 70, and 70 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Of the patients that received leuprolide 3.75 mg, leuprolide 7.5 mg, and goserelin 3.6 mg, 26.3, 25, and 35%, respectively, did not reach castration levels, considering a testosterone cutoff ≤ 50 ng/dl. And 68.4, 30, and 45%, respectively, did not reach castration levels, considering a testosterone cutoff ≤ 20 ng/dl. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of castration when comparing leuprolide 3.75 mg, leuprolide 7.5 mg, and goserelin 3.6 mg, altogether. When compared in groups of two, there was a statistically significant difference between leuprolide 3.75 mg and leuprolide 7.5 mg, the latter presented better results in reaching castration levels, cutoff ≤ 20 ng/dl. The importance of this difference, however, must be measured with caution, since the comparison of the three groups simultaneously did not reach the established significance level, even though it came close.

Paraganglioma of seminal vesicle and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review / Paraganglioma da vesícula seminal e carcinoma de células renais cromófobo: um relato de caso e revisão da literatura

CONTEXT: Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are rare tumors that have been reported in many locations, including the kidney, urethra, urinary bladder, prostate, spermatic cord, gallbladder, uterus and vagina. CASE REPORT: This report describes, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a primary paraganglioma of the seminal vesicle occurring in a 61-year-old male. The patient presented persistent arterial hypertension and a previous diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. It was hypothesized that the seminal vesicle tumor could be a metastasis from the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin in tumor cell nests and peripheral S100 protein expression in sustentacular cells. Succinate dehydrogenase A and B-related (SDHA and SDHB) expression was present in both tumors. CONCLUSIONS: No genetic alterations to the VHL and SDHB genes were detected in either the tumor tissue or tissues adjacent to the tumor, which led us to rule out a hereditary syndrome that could explain the association between paraganglioma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in a patient with arterial hypertension.

CONTEXTO: Paragangliomas extra-adrenais são tumores raros que têm sido relatados em muitas localizações, incluindo rim, uretra, bexiga, próstata, cordão espermático, vesícula biliar, útero e vagina. RELATO DE CASO: Este relato descreve, pela primeira vez em nosso conhecimento, um paraganglioma primário da vesícula seminal ocorrendo em um paciente do sexo masculino de 61 anos de idade. O paciente apresentou hipertensão arterial persistente e um diagnóstico prévio de carcinoma de células renais cromófobo (CCRC). Foi pensado que o tumor de vesícula seminal poderia ser uma metástase do CCRC. A caracterização imunoistoquímica revelou expressão de sinaptofisina e cromogranina nos ninhos de células tumorais e expressão de proteína S100 nas células sustentaculares. Expressão de succinato de-hidrogenase A e B relacionada (SDHA e SDHB) estiveram presentes em ambos os tumores CONCLUSÕES: Nenhuma alteração genética dos genes VHL e SDHB foi detectada nos tecidos tumorais e adjacentes ao tumor, o que nos levou a afastar uma síndrome hereditária que poderia explicar a associação entre o paraganglioma e o CCRC em um paciente com hipertensão arterial.

Comparison of clamping modalities in a rabbit model of normothermic renal ischemia.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of renal function recovery with different renal vessel clamping modalities during a prolonged warm ischemia (WI) condition in an experimental two-kidney rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight rabbits were randomly clustered into four groups and underwent laparotomy with different types of renal pedicle clamping. Group 1 (n=4) was sham-operated. Group 2 (n=8) underwent 80 minutes of WI with artery only clamping. Group 3 (n=8) underwent arteriovenous clamping for 80 minutes, and group 4 (n=8) received an arteriovenous clamping for 80 minutes with 10-second declamping periods every 20 minutes. Serum levels of creatinine (SCr) were recorded preoperatively and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7. Renal function was evaluated by (99m)technetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine scintigraphy. Afterward, the animals were euthanized, and the kidneys were harvested and evaluated microscopically. RESULTS: Renal function completely recuperated on POD 7 in the groups that underwent artery only and ateriovenous intermittent clamping, and both of these methods were superior to ateriovenous clamping (P<0.001). SCr showed a similar variation in all the clamping groups and did not demonstrate statistical differences among the groups. Histopathologic changes were similar among the ischemic groups. CONCLUSION: The less deleterious clamping modalities in this experimental model were the artery only and intermittent en bloc clamping methods.

Disfunção erétil / Erectile dysfunction

Uma grande revolução no tratamento da disfunção erétil, especialmente após o desenvolvimento dos inibidores da 5-fosfodiesterase (F-PDE), modificou a história da sexualidade, refletindo sobretudo na população de difícil tratamento (diabetes mellitus, prostatectomizados por câncer). Respeitando a estratégia de tratamento, os pacientes devem ser estimulados a experimentar todos os tipos de inibidores da 5-PDE disponíveis. Na falha da farmacoterapia oral ou quando houver contraindicação a ela, dever-se-á considerar a injeção intracavernosa e, finalmente, implante cirúrgico de prótese peniana.

Infecção urinária / Urinary tract infection

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU), uma das condições mais frequentes nos serviços de saúde, tem um espectro de apresentação clínica variável, incluindo a cistite, pielonefrite e bacteriúria assintomática. A recorrência e gravidade da ITU estão associadas a fatores hormonais, genéticos e comportamentais, além da virulência do micro-organismo. Os autores abordam o diagnóstico diferencial e a utilização dos antimicrobianos prescritos para o tratamento e prevenção, de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais mais recentes.

Diagnóstico e tratamento das massas adrenais clinicamente silenciosas - revisão sistemática de literatura / Diagnoses and treatment of clinically unapparent adrenal masses - systematic literature review

Introdução: Massas adrenais clinicamente silenciosas, diagnosticadas sem intenção, incidentalmente, durante exame de imagem realizado para outras condições clínicas ("incidentaloma") têm sido cada vez mais encontradas devido ao constante progresso dos métodos de imagem e de sua indicação relativamente elástica. São inúmeras as causas, diagnósticos e tratamentos dessas massas, levando o médico a definir se a massa é hormonalmente ativa e se há risco de a lesão ser maligna. Entretanto os métodos para esclarecimento dessas questões ainda não estão bem definidos. Objetivo: Avaliar as melhores formas de diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento da lesão incidental de adrenal. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura até outubro de 2004, analisando seu grau de evidência. Resultados: Foram encontrados dois trabalhos de revisão sistemática que selecionaram e estudaram artigos até setembro de 2003 e, então, adicionados ao estudo mais 28 artigos provenientes de revisão bibliográfica sistemática até outubro de 2004. Conclusões: Em geral os "incidentalomas" são não funcionantes, mas a avaliação endócrina demonstrou que não é raro o achado de hiperfunção hormonal subclínica, reforçando a necessidade de dosagem de certas substâncias, como metanefrinas, realização do teste de supressão de dexametasona em baixas dosagens e mensuração da relação da aldosterona plasmática/atividade plasmática da renina. "Incidentalomas" não funcionantes menores de 4cm devem ser observados entre 4 e 6cm devem ser analisados por suas características de imagem maiores de 6 cm devem ser operados. "Incidentalomas" funcionantes devem ser submetidos à adrenalectomia. Massas adrenais não operadas devem ser acompanhadas por dois anos, por meio de exames de imagem e de função.

Tratamento laparoscópico do ureter retrocava: experiência com seis casos / Laparoscopic treatment of retrocaval ureter: experience with six cases

Relatar a experiência no reparo laparoscópico de seis casos de ureter retrocava. Foi realizado reparo laparoscópico do ureter retrocava através de duas vias de acesso: retroperitoneal e transperitoneal. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 90 minutos, não havendo diferença entre os acessos retro ou transperitoneal. Todos os pacientes receberam dieta no primeiro dia de pós-operatório e alta hospitalar no segundo dia. Foi realizado controle após três meses, por meio de urografia endovenosa com dilatação mínima e cintilografia renal com ácido dietilenotriaminopentacético, sem sinais de obstrução. Os pacientes foram seguidos por um período de até 120 meses, mostrando-se todos assintomáticos. A laparoscopia pode ser considerada um procedimento padrão para o tratamento do ureter retrocava, uma vez que estudos demonstram a superioridade desta quando comparada à cirurgia aberta; o acesso retroperitoneal ou transperitoneal é uma escolha pessoal do cirurgião, de acordo com sua experiência e prática.

The objective of the study was to report the experience of laparoscopic repair in 6 retrocaval ureter cases. Retrocaval ureter repair was made using two different techniques: the retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approach. The mean surgery time was 90 minutes, with no difference between the retroperitoneal and transperitoneal procedures. All patients were allowed to eat on the first postoperative day and discharged on the second day. Three months later, a control assessment was made using intravenous urography with minimal dilatation, and a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid renal scintigraphy with no signs of obstruction. The patients were followed for up to 120 months and all of them were asymptomatic. Laparoscopy can be considered a standard procedure to treat retrocaval ureter, since studies have shown that this technique is better than open surgery. The retroperitoneal or transperitoneal approach is up to the surgeon, according to his or her experience and practice

Pheochromocytoma: a long-term follow-up of 24 patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

PURPOSE: Pheochromocytomas are tumors derived from chromaffin cells that often secrete catecholamines and cause hypertension. The clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma depends on the presence of excessive production of catecholamines. Conventional imaging modalities that have been used in the preoperative evaluation include CT, MRI, and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment for patients with pheochromocytoma. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term follow-up of 24 patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1995 to September 2006, 24 patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal pheochromocytoma. Twenty (83.3%) patients had arterial hypertension. The inclusion criteria of patients in this retrospective study were laparoscopic approach, unilateral or bilateral adrenal tumor, pathological diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and a minimum follow-up of 18 months. RESULTS: Intra-operative complications occurred in 4 (16.7%) patients. Two (8.3%) patients had postoperative complications. Two patients (8.3%) had blood transfusion. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8 days (range 1 to 11). Eighteen (90%) of the twenty patients who had symptomatic hypertension, returned to normal blood pressure immediately after surgery, during the hospital stay. In one patient, the high blood pressure levels remained unchanged. Another patient persisted with mild hypertension, well controlled by a single antihypertensive drug. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is a safe and effective procedure, providing the benefits of a minimally invasive approach. In our study, the initial positive results obtained in the treatment of 24 patients were confirmed after a mean follow-up of 74 months.

Pheochromocytoma: a long-term follow-up of 24 patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Purpose: Pheochromocytomas are tumors derived from chromaffin cells that often secrete catecholamines and cause hypertension. The clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma depends on the presence of excessive production of catecholamines. Conventional imaging modalities that have been used in the preoperative evaluation include CT, MRI, and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment for patients with pheochromocytoma. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term follow-up of 24 patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. Materials and Methods: From January 1995 to September 2006, 24 patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal pheochromocytoma. Twenty (83.3 percent) patients had arterial hypertension. The inclusion criteria of patients in this retrospective study were laparoscopic approach, unilateral or bilateral adrenal tumor, pathological diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and a minimum follow-up of 18 months. Results: Intra-operative complications occurred in 4 (16.7 percent) patients. Two (8.3 percent) patients had postoperative complications. Two patients (8.3 percent) had blood transfusion. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8 days (range 1 to 11). Eighteen (90 percent) of the twenty patients who had symptomatic hypertension, returned to normal blood pressure immediately after surgery, during the hospital stay. In one patient, the high blood pressure levels remained unchanged. Another patient persisted with mild hypertension, well controlled by a single antihypertensive drug. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is a safe and effective procedure, providing the benefits of a minimally invasive approach. In our study, the initial positive results obtained in the treatment of 24 patients were confirmed after a mean follow-up of 74 months.

Lithiasis in prostate utricle: a case of infertility / Litíase em utrículo prostático: um caso de infertilidade

Prostatic utricle cyst is a structure remaining from the Müllerian duct, resulting from the incomplete regression of these structures during the development of the embryo. The incidence varies from 1 to 5% in the general population and up to 20% of the patients complain of hematospermia, which could be associated with a urinary infection, pain and urinary urge incontinence, palpable abdominal mass and epididymitis. The diagnosis is based on physical examination and transrectal ultrasonography, and complemented with a cystourethrography. Magnetic resonance imaging may also be used. Most of the time treatment consists of endourologic procedures, with marsupialization of the cyst.

Cisto de utrículo prostático é uma estrutura remanescente do ducto mülleriano, resultado da regressão incompleta destas estruturas durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Apresenta incidência de 1 a 5% na população geral e de até 20% dos pacientes com queixa principal de hemospermia, podendo estar associado a episódios de infecção urinária, dor e urgeincontinência, tumoração abdominal palpável e epididimites. O diagnóstico é baseado no exame físico e ultrassonográfico trans-retal, complementado com uretrocistografia, e pode ser realizada ainda a ressonância magnética. O tratamento, na maioria das vezes, é realizado por meio de procedimentos endourológicos, com a marsupialização do cisto.

Pseudotumor fibroso de epidídimo / Fibrous pseudotumor of the epididymis

Os tumores benignos de estruturas paratesticulares são incomuns; entre eles, o pseudotumor fibroso periepididimário é o mais raro. Os pseudotumores fibrosos podem acometer qualquer faixa etária, mas são mais comuns na terceira década de vida. Apresentam-se como uma massa na região do testículo, pouco dolorosa, acompanhada de hidro ou hematocele. Relata-se o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 35 anos com queixa de nodulação palpável em testículo esquerdo há dois anos, com aumento progressivo e leve desconforto local. Testículo esquerdo de tamanho um pouco aumentado em relação ao contralateral, com cabeça de epidídimo de dimensões aumentadas, endurecida e levemente dolorosa à palpação, sem limites definidos com o testículo adjacente. Ao ultrassom apresentava imagem expansiva em epidídimo esquerdo com vascularização ao doppler. Foi feita inguinotomia com orquiectomia esquerda e ficou evidenciado pseudotumor fibroso epididimário ao exame anatomopatológico. Este relato de caso tem com objetivo chamar a atenção dos urologistas para a possibilidade deste diagnóstico diante da presença de tumores da região escrotal

Paratesticular benign tumors are rare, the peri-epididymis fibrous pseudotumor being the rarest of all. Epididymis fibrous pseudotumors may occur at any age, though they are more common in males between 20 and 30 years of age. They usually present as a painless testicular nodule, accompanied by hydrocele or hematocele. We are relating here the case of a 35 year-old male who complained of a tender palpable mass in the left testicle, growing progressively over the last two years. The left testis was a little bigger than the other, with epididymal head increased and hardened and sensitive to palpation, without defined limits to the adjacent testis. The ultrasonographic examination showed expanded image at the left epididymis with vascularization by Doppler ultrasound. The pathological exam revealed an epididymis fibrous pseudotumor. The purpose of this case report was to draw the urologists attention to the possibility of this diagnosis in the scrotal region

Disfunção erétil / Erectile dysfunction

A disfunção erétil (DE), outrora denominada erroneamente de impotência sexual, é um problema bastante comum e angustiante que acomete o homem. Considerada quase que exclusivamente de origem psicogênica até a década de 80, o melhor entendimento da fisiologia da ereção, bem como de sua fisiopatologia possibilitaram identificar causas orgânicas responsáveis por essa condição, que hoje sabemos serem muito mais freqüentes do que imaginávamos. Apesar de ser uma desordem benigna, esta disfunção pode interferir com a saúde física e psicossocial do paciente e/ou sua (seu) parceira (o), impactando de forma significativa na sua qualidade de vida. No Brasil, um estudo revelou que a DE acomete 45,1% dos homens adultos, em algum grau. Estima-se que, atualmente, cerca de 25 milhões de homens brasileiros com mais de 18 anos de idade sofram de algum grau de disfunção erétil e que 45% destes tenham disfunção moderada ou grave, mostrando que essa condição deve ser considerada um problema de saúde pública importante em nosso meio. Nesta revisão de literatura, pretendemos rever e expor os principais conceitos que envolvem o tema disfunção erétil, possibilitando ao médico generalista uma forma prática de abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica dos que sofrem dessa doença.