Dissipation of penconazole formulation in horticultural crops by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: From the active substance to metabolites.

The present study describes the dissipation and metabolism of penconazole in horticultural products by a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). Targeted and suspected analysis were carried out. Two independent trials were performed under laboratory conditions (on courgette samples), and under greenhouse conditions (on tomatoes) during 43 and 55 days, respectively. In both studies, a pesticide formulation (TOPAS® EW) containing penconazole was used. The results showed that penconazole was relatively short-lived (<30 days) in horticultural products. The proposed method allowed for the tentative identification and semi-quantification of nine metabolites. In addition, the potential toxicity of these metabolites was evaluated, observing that some of them are even more toxic than penconazole, as triazole lactic acid. This research may provide a starting point for understanding the dissipation process of penconazole, the formation pathways of its main metabolites, their concentrations and toxicity to ensure food safety and the environmental protection.

Understanding the Metabolism and Dissipation Kinetics of Flutriafol in Vegetables under Laboratory and Greenhouse Scenarios.

Flutriafol is a systemic triazole fungicide that is used to control diseases in various crops. A study was developed to evaluate the metabolism and dissipation of flutriafol in two different scenarios: laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Courgette and tomato samples treated with a commercial product (IMPACT® EVO) at the manufacturer recommended dose were analyzed, and courgette samples were also treated at double dose. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), performing targeted and non-targeted approaches (suspect screening and unknown analysis), were used to analyze the samples. The dissipation of flutriafol was fitted to a biphasic kinetic model, with a persistence, expressed as half-life (t1/2), lower than 17 days. During suspect screening, three metabolites (triazole alanine, triazole lactic acid and triazole acetic acid) were tentatively identified. Unknown analysis led to the identification of four additional metabolites (C16H14F2N4, C16H14F2N4, C19H17F2N5O2 and C22H23F2N3O6). The results revealed that the proposed methodology is reliable for the determination of flutriafol and its metabolites in courgette and tomato, and seven metabolites could be detected at low concentration levels. The highest concentration of metabolites was found in the laboratory conditions at 34.5 µg/kg (triazole alanine). The toxicity of flutriafol metabolites was also evaluated, and some of them could be more toxic than the parent compound.

Non-targeted analysis of co-formulants in antifungal pesticide formulations by gas chromatography-tandem high resolution mass spectrometry.

In the present study, six commercial pesticide formulations with antifungal activity were characterized. Thus, two complementary injection methods based on gas chromatography were employed: direct injection (DI) and headspace (HS), both coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). The combination of both injection modes allowed the tentatively identification of potential co-formulants. Available analytical standards were acquired for their confirmation, and 21 compounds were successfully confirmed. Finally, the concentration of these co-formulants was calculated, finding the highest value in one of the pesticide formulation, at 218.22 g L-1 for cyclohexanone. Results clearly show that this methodology is suitable for the reliable identification of co-formulants in pesticide formulations, offering high sensitivity, and highlighting that five co-formulants were detected by both injection techniques (DI and HS). Moreover, one of the main advantages of the proposed methods was the great capacity for the elucidation of compounds with similar molecular formula, bearing in mind that up to 8 co-formulants with the same molecular formula C10H14, were well differentiated by retention times between 8.46 (1-methyl-3-propylbenzene) and 10.98 min (1,2,3,4- tetramethylbenzene) in one of the pesticide formulation. Toxicity to human health and the environment has been evidenced for the co-formulants detected, finding compounds with relatively high toxicity, as naphthalene and cyclohexanone.

Characterization of the composition of plant protection products in different formulation types employing suspect screening and unknown approaches.

BACKGROUND: Plant protection products (PPPs) are used extensively in agriculture to control crops. These PPPs, which may be found in different types of formulations, are composed of a designated pesticide (active principle) and other inactive ingredients as co-formulants. They perform specific functions in the formulation, as solvents, preservatives or antifreeze agents, among others. RESULTS: A research technique based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass analyzer was successfully applied to characterize the composition of six different PPPs in terms of the presence of co-formulants and types of formulations: emulsifiable concentrate (EC), emulsion in water (EW), suspension concentrate and water-dispersible granule. These PPPs (FLINT MAX, MASSOCUR 12.5 EC, IMPACT EVO, TOPAS, LATINO and IMPALA STAR) had antifungal activity, containing one triazole compound as active principle (tebuconazole, penconazole, myclobutanil, flutriafol or fenbuconazole, respectively). Non-targeted approaches, applying suspect and unknown analysis, were carried out and ten compounds were identified as potential co-formulants. Six (glyceryl monostearate, 1-monopalmitin, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyldecanamide, hexaethylene glycol and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one) were confirmed by injecting analytical standards. Finally, these compounds were quantified in the PPPs. CONCLUSION: The current study allowed for detecting co-formulants in a wide range of concentrations, between 0.04 (dimethyl sulfoxide) and 19.00 g L-1 (glyceryl monostearate), highlighting the feasibility of the proposed analytical methodology. Moreover, notable differences among the types of formulations of PPPs were achieved, revealing that EC and EW were the formulations that contained the largest number of co-formulants (four out of six detected compounds). © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Targeted and untargeted analysis of triazole fungicides and their metabolites in fruits and vegetables by UHPLC-orbitrap-MS2.

Two extraction methods based on solid liquid extraction and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe procedure were developed for the determination of 21 triazole compounds and 5 metabolites, including triazole derivative metabolites as 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,4-triazol 1-yl-acetic, in courgette, orange, grape and strawberry. The analysis was performed in 10.5 min, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap mass analyser. The proposed method was validated according to SANTE 12682/2019. Limits of quantification were ≤10 µg kg-1 for all the compounds, except for 1,2,4-triazol, 1,2,4-triazol 1-yl-acetic, difenoconazole-alcohol and prothioconazole that were 50 µg kg-1. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of 30 samples. More than 30% of these samples contained residues of triazole compounds. The fungicide most frequently found was myclobutanil. Furthermore, a suspect screening analysis was carried out to search pesticides present in the samples, detecting some of them at concentrations higher than Maximum Residue Limits.

RELATIONSHIP between prandial drinking behavior and supersensitivity of salivary glands after superior salivatory nucleus lesions in RATS.

Prandial drinking, an increase in the number of drinking responses and secondary or non-homeostatic polydipsia in the presence of dry food, is typically associated with a deficit in salivary secretion. This study investigates the degree of salivary gland supersensitivity to pilocarpine administration after lesions to the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN), the site of origin of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that innervate the submandibular-sublingual (S-S) salivary glands. The main aim was to determine if there is a relationship between the degree of glandular supersensitivity, as an index of secretory deficit, and the development of prandial drinking in lesioned rats. Results showed that following SSN lesions two subgroups of rats were obtained. One subgroup exhibited prandial drinking but the other was similar to the control group. The SSN-lesioned prandial drinking subgroup presented significantly greater supersensitivity than the SSN-lesioned non-prandial drinking rats; the non-prandial drinking subgroup, in turn, presented significantly more supersensitivity than controls. Additionally, S-S supersensitivity observed in rats that exhibited prandial drinking due to the sectioning of chorda tympani efferent axons was compared to that observed in rats exhibiting prandial drinking due to SSN lesions. It was found that both groups presented the same S-S supersensitivity curve. These results indicate that SSN lesions produce a gradation of S-S supersensitivity values that appear to run parallel to the degree of glandular secretory deficit caused by the lesions. Thus, only the rats with greater secretory deficit (greater supersensitivity) develop prandial drinking. These data support the idea that there is in fact a functional link between the lateral reticular formation of the brainstem (the region associated with the SSN) and S-S salivary glands.

Effectiveness of a Short Voice Training Program for Teachers: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Using their voices in inappropriate working conditions causes teachers to misuse their voices, because in order to be heard they need to force their voices. OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study examines the effects of a short-term voice training program aimed at teachers. METHODS: The pre- and posttraining evaluations consisted of acoustic, perceptual (GRBAS [grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain]), aerodynamic, and subjective measurements (VHI-10). RESULTS: The results indicate that the voice performance of teachers improves after 25 hours of training. Specifically, significant changes are observed at the acoustic level, in fundamental frequency (F0) and in frequency perturbation measures (Jitter, PPQ [pitch perturbation quotient]), as well as in subjective voice assessment using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10), in both the physical subscale (VHI-P) and the total score (VHI-T). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the effectiveness of the training program and discusses the most sensitive measures for evaluating the short-term effect of the change.

Hiperdoncia simple no sindrómica / Non-Syndromic Simple Hyperdontia

La hiperdoncia simple no sindrómica es el aumento del número de dientes en una única serie dentaria y que no está asociado a síndromes. La localización es única en los maxilares, sin acompañarse de otros dientes supernumerarios en otras zonas, ni formando parte de síndromes complejos. Se presentó el caso de un paciente que fue atendido en interconsulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial y Ortodoncia. Se describieron las características clínicas de la enfermedad y el tratamiento quirúrgico realizado, que consistió en un método quirúrgico-ortodóncico. Los dientes supernumerarios en al zona de incisivos es una enfermedad rara, existen pocos casos descritos en la literatura nacional y extranjera. Con la técnica quirúrgica utilizada para la exodoncia de los dientes supernumerarios y la reubicación ortodóncica del diente permanente retenido, se obtuvieron resultados estéticos satisfactorios.

Nonsyndromic simply hyperdontia is an increasing number of teeth in a single dental series and it is not associated with syndromes. The location is unique in the jaws, not accompanied by other supernumerary teeth in other areas, or as part of complex syndromes. A patient who was treated at Maxillofacial Surgery and Orthodontics consultation was presented. The clinical features of the disease and surgical treatment, which consisted of a surgical-orthodontic method, were described. Supernumerary teeth in the incisor area is a rare disease, there are few cases reported in the national and international literature. Satisfactory cosmetic results were obtained with the surgical technique used for extraction of supernumerary teeth and orthodontic retained permanent tooth.

Hiperdoncia simple no sindrómica / Non-Syndromic Simple Hyperdontia

La hiperdoncia simple no sindrómica es el aumento del número de dientes en una única serie dentaria y que no está asociado a síndromes. La localización es única en los maxilares, sin acompañarse de otros dientes supernumerarios en otras zonas, ni formando parte de síndromes complejos. Se presentó el caso de un paciente que fue atendido en interconsulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial y Ortodoncia. Se describieron las características clínicas de la enfermedad y el tratamiento quirúrgico realizado, que consistió en un método quirúrgico ortodóncico.Los dientes supernumerarios en al zona de incisivos es una enfermedad rara, existen pocos casos descritos en la literatura nacional y extranjera. Con la técnica quirúrgica utilizada para la exodoncia de los dientes supernumerarios y la reubicación ortodóncica del diente permanente retenido, se obtuvieron resultados estéticos satisfactorios(AU)

Nonsyndromic simply hyperdontia is an increasing number of teeth in a single dental series and it is not associated with syndromes. The location is unique in the jaws, not accompaniedby other supernumerary teeth in other areas, or as part of complex syndromes. A patient who was treated at Maxillofacial Surgery and Orthodontics consultation was presented. Theclinical features of the disease and surgical treatment, which consisted of a surgicalorthodontic method, were described. Supernumerary teeth in the incisor area is a rare disease, there are few cases reported in the national and international literature. Satisfactory cosmetic results were obtained with the surgical technique used for extraction ofsupernumerary teeth and orthodontic retained permanent tooth(AU)

Información sobre los posibles efectos tóxicos de la manzanilla y el anís estrellado que proporciona el profesional de enfermería a las madres de menores de un año en el Centro de Asesoramiento Toxicológico (CATOX) de la ciudad hospitalaria Dr. Enrique Tejera durante el segundo semestre del 2008 y el primer semestre del 2009 / Information on the possible toxic effects of chamomile and star anise provided by the nursing professional to mothers under one year of age in the Toxicological Advice Center (CATOX) of the Dr. Enrique Tejera hospital city during the second half of 2008 and the first half of 2009

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la información que proporciona el personal de enfermería a las madres sobre los efectos tóxicos de la ingesta de plantas medicinales en menores entre 0 y 1 año en la Consulta Externa del Centro de Atención Toxicológica de la Ciudad Hospitalaria Dr Enrique Tejera. Corresponde al diseño de investigación descriptivo, tipo de campo. La población y muestra estuvo constituida por 25 madres que acuden a la Consulta de toxicología en el lapso de una semana. El instrumento de recolección de datos consistió en un cuestionario estructurado por 18 ítems con dos alternativas de respuesta dicotómicas, el cual fue validado mediante criterios de juicios de expertos. La confiabilidad fue estimada mediante la fórmula Kuder Richarsond 20, que arrojó un grado de confiabilidad de 0,93. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados indican que un alto porcentaje de los participantes en el estudio considera que el profesional de enfermería orienta a las madres sobre los efectos de la ingesta de anís estrellado y manzanilla en el sistema digestivo y sistema cardiovascular. No obstante, tal orientación no la realiza en cuanto a los efectos a nivel del sistema nervioso central, sistema respiratorio y sistema renal. Se recomienda, la implementación de programas educativos dirigidos a proporcionar información a las madres sobre los efectos de la ingesta de anís estrellado y manzanilla en los diferentes sistemas vitales del menor.

Caracterización del paciente asmático en la comunidad

Se realiza un estudio de caracterización del paciente asmático en la población correspondiente a 7 consultorios del médico de la familia del Policlínico Docente Area V de Cienfuegos en el año 1989, para lo cual se estudió un total de 121 asmáticos de todas las edades, y se obtuvo una prevalencia de 4,5 % para los menores de 15 años y de 2,0 % para los mayores de 15 años. El asma bronquial se observó con mayor frecuencia en los estudiantes, en los individuos con antecedentes familiares de asma bronquial y en las hembras. No encontramos relación entre el color de la piel y la mayor aparición del asma bronquial, así como tampoco entre esta última y el hábito de fumar

Caracterización del paciente asmático en la comunidad

Se realiza un estudio de caracterización del paciente asmático en la población correspondiente a 7 consultorios del médico de la familia del Policlínico Docente Area V de Cienfuegos en el año 1989, para lo cual se estudió un total de 121 asmáticos de todas las edades, y se obtuvo una prevalencia de 4,5 % para los menores de 15 años y de 2,0 % para los mayores de 15 años. El asma bronquial se observó con mayor frecuencia en los estudiantes, en los individuos con antecedentes familiares de asma bronquial y en las hembras. No encontramos relación entre el color de la piel y la mayor aparición del asma bronquial, así como tampoco entre esta última y el hábito de fumar