Current evidences of the efficacy of mosquito mass-trapping interventions to reduce Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations and Aedes-borne virus transmission.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decades, several viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes-dengue, chikungunya, Zika-have spread outside of tropical areas. To limit the transmission of these viruses and preserve human health, the use of mosquito traps has been developed as a complement or alternative to other vector control techniques. The objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of the existing scientific literature to assess the efficacy of interventions based on adult mosquito trap to control Aedes population densities and the diseases they transmit worldwide. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. Among the 19 selected papers, lethal ovitraps were used in 16 studies, host-seeking female traps in 3 studies. Furthermore, 16 studies focused on the control of Ae. aegypti. Our review showed great heterogeneity in the indicators used to assess trap efficacy: e.g., the number of host-seeking females, the number of gravid females, the proportion of positive containers, the viral infection rate in female mosquitoes or serological studies in residents. Regardless of the type of studied traps, the results of various studies support the efficacy of mass trapping in combination with classical integrated vector control in reducing Aedes density. More studies with standardized methodology, and indicators are urgently needed to provide more accurate estimates of their efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights gaps in the demonstration of the efficacy of mass trapping of mosquitoes in reducing viral transmission and disease. Thus, further large-scale cluster randomized controlled trials conducted in endemic areas and including epidemiological outcomes are needed to establish scientific evidence for the reduction of viral transmission risk by mass trapping targeting gravid and/or host-seeking female mosquitoes.

The acceptability of a novel procedure service run by PAs and NPs.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalist physicians are performing fewer procedures because of multiple reasons, including expanded responsibilities beyond their patient panel. A procedure service that offloads hospitalists could expedite these necessary services. An opportunity exists for physician assistants (PAs) and NPs to fill this gap. OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a PA- and NP-run procedure service at a large academic hospital. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of procedures by the procedure service at one institution from 2015 to 2019. RESULTS: Over 5 years, 7,002 procedures were performed, with requests increasing over time. The most frequent procedures were venous access, lumbar puncture, paracentesis, and placement of nasogastric or nasojejunal tubes. Requesting services included hospitalists and residents from internal medicine, surgery, and neurology. CONCLUSIONS: A PA- and NP-run procedure service is well accepted at a large academic hospital despite the lack of involvement by attending physicians. Future directions are focused on augmenting coverage and procedures offered.

Effectiveness of a school-based intervention in Guatemala to increase knowledge of sexual and reproductive health.

OBJECTIVES: Adolescent pregnancy in Guatemala is a multifactorial issue contributing to maternal and child mortality as well as negative social and economic outcomes. While multiple organizations have identified this as an important area for improvement, little has been published on methods for reducing rates of adolescent pregnancy in resource-limited settings. We characterized the effects of a brief intervention on the knowledge and attitudes towards sexual health of high schoolers in a rural Guatemalan community. METHODS: We created a condensed, 2-h sexual education course, which was taught to over 500 high school students in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Students completed pre- and post-intervention surveys assessing their knowledge about pregnancy prevention and attitudes toward contraception use. Chi-square tests were used to assess the difference between the pre- and post-intervention responses as well as the responses between male and female participants. RESULTS: Analysis of the survey results revealed significant improvements in all questions assessing knowledge regarding pregnancy prevention (p<0.01). Our pre-intervention survey revealed that male participants possessed greater knowledge regarding pregnancy prevention (p<0.01). Following the intervention, several areas of initial difference between male and female students' knowledge disappeared, including knowledge of what a contraceptive is, awareness that one sexual relation is sufficient for pregnancy, and recognition that condoms can prevent sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that brief, school-based sexual health courses are low-resource, feasible interventions to significantly increase knowledge about contraception and sexual health in resource-limited settings and improve the disparities in knowledge between male and female participants.

[Validity and reliability of the satisfaction scale for outpatient care users in Peru]. / Validez y confiabilidad de la escala de satisfacción de los usuarios de consulta médica ambulatoria en Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: To assess the psychometric properties of a scale to measure the satisfaction of individuals seeking services at outpatient clinics (ESCOMA) in public healthcare centers in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: We carried out a study based on a dataset from Questionnaire 1 of the National Health Users Satisfaction Survey (ENSUSALUD) 2016. ENSUSALUD applied an initial scale of 19 items constructed based on bibliographic review, expert judgment and a pilot study. We first performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in two random subsamples to assess the scale's internal structure. We then developed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using robust maximum likelihood estimation. Lastly, we analyzed measurement invariance and assessed reliability using McDonald's Omega Coefficient (ω). RESULTS: : We randomly divided 13,814 observations into two subsamples for the EFA. Based on this analysis, we selected a best-fitting CFA model, which comprised three factors and 18 items. We found acceptable goodness-of-fit indices for the CFA (CFI = 0.945, TLI = 0.937, SRMR = 0.036). The three resulting factors were a) administrative processes, b) infrastructure and c) medical care. We found strong invariance for age, sex, educational level and area of residence, and partial invariance for type of institution. All reliability coefficients indicated adequate fit (0.86<ω<0.92). CONCLUSIONS.: The ESCOMA demonstrates validity, reliability, and measurement invariance at different levels of care in a nationally representative Peruvian sample.

OBJETIVOS.: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala para medir la satisfacción de los usuarios de consulta médica ambulatoria (ESCOMA) en Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPRESS) del sistema de salud peruano (SSP). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Llevamos a cabo un estudio de tipo instrumental con los datos del Cuestionario 1 de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de Salud (ENSUSALUD) del 2016; en la cual se administró una escala inicial de 19 ítems construidos por revisión bibliográfica, juicio de expertos y estudio piloto. Realizamos un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) para valorar la estructura interna de la escala y luego un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) mediante el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud robusta. Finalmente, desarrollamos análisis de invarianza de medición y evaluamos la confiabilidad con el coeficiente omega de McDonald. RESULTADOS.: Analizamos 13 814 observaciones en dos submuestras aleatorias para el AFE con lo cual definimos un modelo de tres dimensiones con 18 ítems. En el AFC encontramos índices de bondad de ajuste aceptables (CFI=0,945; TLI=0,937; SRMR=0,036). Las dimensiones resultantes fueron: procesos administrativos, infraestructura y atención médica. Evidenciamos invarianza fuerte para la edad, sexo, nivel educativo y región, e invarianza parcial para el tipo de institución (Ministerio de Salud, Seguro Social, Fuerzas Armadas y Policiales, y Clínicas Privadas). Todos los coeficientes de confiabilidad fueron adecuados (0,86<ω<0,92). CONCLUSIONES.: La ESCOMA presenta evidencia de validez y confiabilidad a nivel estructural y de invarianza de medición a diferentes niveles de atención y a nivel nacional en Perú.

Validez y confiabilidad de la escala de satisfacción de los usuarios de consulta médica ambulatoria en Perú / Validity and reliability of the satisfaction scale for outpatient care users in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala para medir la satisfacción de los usuarios de consulta médica ambulatoria (ESCOMA) en Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPRESS) del sistema de salud peruano (SSP). Materiales y Métodos. Llevamos a cabo un estudio de tipo instrumental con los datos del Cuestionario 1 de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de Salud (ENSUSALUD) del 2016; en la cual se administró una escala inicial de 19 ítems construidos por revisión bibliográfica, juicio de expertos y estudio piloto. Realizamos un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) para valorar la estructura interna de la escala y luego un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) mediante el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud robusta. Finalmente, desarrollamos análisis de invarianza de medición y evaluamos la confiabilidad con el coeficiente omega de McDonald. Resultados. Analizamos 13 814 observaciones en dos submuestras aleatorias para el AFE con lo cual definimos un modelo de tres dimensiones con 18 ítems. En el AFC encontramos índices de bondad de ajuste aceptables (CFI=0,945; TLI=0,937; SRMR=0,036). Las dimensiones resultantes fueron: procesos administrativos, infraestructura y atención médica. Evidenciamos invarianza fuerte para la edad, sexo, nivel educativo y región, e invarianza parcial para el tipo de institución (Ministerio de Salud, Seguro Social, Fuerzas Armadas y Policiales, y Clínicas Privadas). Todos los coeficientes de confiabilidad fueron adecuados (0,86<ω<0,92). Conclusiones. La ESCOMA presenta evidencia de validez y confiabilidad a nivel estructural y de invarianza de medición a diferentes niveles de atención y a nivel nacional en Perú.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the psychometric properties of a scale to measure the satisfaction of individuals seeking services at outpatient clinics (ESCOMA) in public healthcare centers in Peru. Materials and Methods. We carried out a study based on a dataset from Questionnaire 1 of the National Health Users Satisfaction Survey (ENSUSALUD) 2016. ENSUSALUD applied an initial scale of 19 items constructed based on bibliographic review, expert judgment and a pilot study. We first performed an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in two random subsamples to assess the scale's internal structure. We then developed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using robust maximum likelihood estimation. Lastly, we analyzed measurement invariance and assessed reliability using McDonald's Omega Coefficient (ω). Results : We randomly divided 13,814 observations into two subsamples for the EFA. Based on this analysis, we selected a best-fitting CFA model, which comprised three factors and 18 items. We found acceptable goodness-of-fit indices for the CFA (CFI = 0.945, TLI = 0.937, SRMR = 0.036). The three resulting factors were a) administrative processes, b) infrastructure and c) medical care. We found strong invariance for age, sex, educational level and area of residence, and partial invariance for type of institution. All reliability coefficients indicated adequate fit (0.86<ω<0.92). Conclusions. The ESCOMA demonstrates validity, reliability, and measurement invariance at different levels of care in a nationally representative Peruvian sample.

Suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors, and attitudes towards suicide of adolescents enrolled in the Alternative Learning System in Manila, Philippines-a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, suicide is a significant cause of death among adolescents. Previous studies conducted in high-income countries suggest that students in alternative schools are more likely to engage in suicidal behaviors than those in formal schools. This study aimed to document suicidal ideation and behaviors among adolescent learners enrolled in the Alternative Learning System (ALS) in Manila, Philippines. METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted in 24 ALS centers in the city of Manila. ALS centers were stratified according to congressional district and selected using probability proportionate sampling. A cross-sectional survey to determine attitudes towards suicide and prevalence of suicidal ideation and behaviors was administered to 171 learners aged 13 to 17 years old. In-depth interviews with 18 teachers and 12 learners were conducted to explore the school psychosocial environment's role on learners' suicidal ideation and behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract attitude factors. Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test were used to identify differences in sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes towards suicide between learners with or without suicidal ideation or behaviors. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Non-specific active thoughts were the most common type of lifetime suicidal ideation (40.9%) while passive ideation was the most common in the past month (13.5%). Aborted suicide attempt was the most frequent behavior in both lifetime (16.4%) and in the past month (4.7%). Non-fatal suicide attempt in the past month was 2.3%, reaching 12.9% for the entire lifetime. Age, sex, education, and attitudes towards suicide were significantly associated with suicidal ideation or behavior. Thematic analysis showed five themes: (1) fostering belongingness, (2) securing learners' safety, (3) teaching philosophy, (4) teacher and learner beliefs towards suicidal behavior, and (5) availability of school-offered and community-based services. CONCLUSION: Suicidal ideation and behaviors are prevalent among adolescent ALS learners. This study also showed a significant difference in attitudes towards suicide and sociodemographic characteristics between learners with and without suicidal ideation behaviors. It also suggests that the school psychosocial environment, through social norms and learner-teacher interactions, can potentially prevent progression of suicidal ideation to behavior, influence help-seeking, and promote mental health among learners.

Addressing outpatient continuity for ambulatory training: A novel tool for longitudinal primary care sign out.

BACKGROUND: We created a tool to improve communication among health professional trainees in the ambulatory setting. The tool was devised to both inform practice partner teams about high-risk patients and assign patient follow-up issues to team members. Team members were internal medicine residents and nurse practitioner fellows in the VA Connecticut Healthcare System Center of Excellence in Primary Care Education (CoEPCE), an interprofessional training model in primary care. METHODS: We used a combination of Likert scale response questions and open ended questions to evaluate trainee attitudes before and after the implementation of the tool, as well as solicited feedback to improve the tool. RESULTS: After using the primary care sign out tool, trainees expressed greater confidence that they could identify high-risk patients that had been cared for by other trainees and that important patient care issues would be followed up by others when they were not in clinic. In terms of areas for improvement, respondents wanted to have the sign out tool posted online. DISCUSSION: Our sign out tool offers a strategy that others can use to improve communication and knowledge of shared patients within teams comprised of interprofessional trainees.

Global Analysis of Predicted G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes in the Filamentous Fungus, Neurospora crassa.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate facets of growth, development, and environmental sensing in eukaryotes, including filamentous fungi. The largest predicted GPCR class in these organisms is the Pth11-related, with members similar to a protein required for disease in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. However, the Pth11-related class has not been functionally studied in any filamentous fungal species. Here, we analyze phenotypes in available mutants for 36 GPCR genes, including 20 Pth11-related, in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. We also investigate patterns of gene expression for all 43 predicted GPCR genes in available datasets. A total of 17 mutants (47%) possessed at least one growth or developmental phenotype. We identified 18 mutants (56%) with chemical sensitivity or nutritional phenotypes (11 uniquely), bringing the total number of mutants with at least one defect to 28 (78%), including 15 mutants (75%) in the Pth11-related class. Gene expression trends for GPCR genes correlated with the phenotypes observed for many mutants and also suggested overlapping functions for several groups of co-transcribed genes. Several members of the Pth11-related class have phenotypes and/or are differentially expressed on cellulose, suggesting a possible role for this gene family in plant cell wall sensing or utilization.

[Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly: postoperative complications in patients over 75 years of old in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, from 2007 to 2011]. / Colecistectomía laparoscópica en el adulto mayor: complicaciones postoperatorias en mayores de 75 años en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, del 2007 - 2011.

OBJECTIVE: Describe preoperative parameters, comorbidities, conversion rate to open surgery and post laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications in elderly population older than 75 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We found 52 patients who matched the inclusion criteria for the study. The variables collected were age, sex, comorbidities, surgical risk, preoperative ASA classification, diagnosis, type of surgery, surgical time, and conversion to open surgery, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. Finally, the information was organized into a database for subsequent statistical analysis. RESULTS: We found that the ages ranged from 75 to 92 years with a mean of 81.45 years and 59.62% of the total were women. The ASA classification II was the most frequent with 90.38%, cardiac comorbidities were the main with 46.15% and the postoperative complication grade II was the most common occurring in the 7.69% of these elderly. Finally, the surgical time and the length of hospital stay in the elective procedure were 74.9 minutes and 4.3 days respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative complications were reported in 19.23% of patients, chronic lithiasic cholecystitis was the most common indication for surgery with 73.08% and the conversion rate to open surgery was recorded in 13.46%, so these results are consistent with the values found in the literature.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica en el adulto mayor: complicaciones postoperatorias en mayores de 75 años en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, del 2007 - 2011 / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly: postoperative complications in patients over 75 years of old in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, from 2007 to 2011

Objetivo: Describir los parámetros preoperatorios, comorbilidades, tasa de conversión a cirugía abierta y las complicaciones post colecistectomía laparoscópica en una población de adultos mayores con más de 75 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: Se encontró 52 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión del estudio. Las variables recolectadas fueron: edad, sexo, comorbilidades, riesgo quirúrgico, clasificación preoperatoria ASA, diagnóstico, tipo de cirugía, tiempo operatorio, conversión a cirugía abierta, complicaciones postoperatorias y tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Finalmente se organizó la información en una base de datos para su posterior análisis estadístico. Resultados: Las edades oscilaron entre los 75 a 92 años con una media de 81,45 años y el 59,62% del total fueron mujeres. La clasificación ASA II fue la más frecuente con 80,77%, las comorbilidades cardiológicas fueron las principales con 46,15% y la complicación postoperatoria de grado II la más común, presentándose en el 7,69% de estos adultos mayores. Finalmente el tiempo operatorio y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en las cirugías electivas fue 74,9 minutos y 4,3 días respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se reportaron complicaciones postoperatorias en el 19,23% de los pacientes, la indicación para la intervención quirúrgica más común fue la colecistitis crónica litiásica con 73,08% y la tasa de conversión a cirugía abierta fue 13,46%, por lo que estos resultados se ajustan a los valores encontrados en la literatura.

Objective: Describe preoperative parameters, comorbidities, conversion rate to open surgery and post laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications in elderly population older than 75 years old. Materials and methods: We found 52 patients who matched the inclusion criteria for the study. The variables collected were age, sex, comorbidities, surgical risk, preoperative ASA classification, diagnosis, type of surgery, surgical time, and conversion to open surgery, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. Finally, the information was organized into a database for subsequent statistical analysis. Results: We found that the ages ranged from 75 to 92 years with a mean of 81.45 years and 59.62% of the total were women. The ASA classification II was the most frequent with 90.38%, cardiac comorbidities were the main with 46.15% and the postoperative complication grade II was the most common occurring in the 7.69% of these elderly. Finally, the surgical time and the length of hospital stay in the elective procedure were 74.9 minutes and 4.3 days respectively. Conclusions: The postoperative complications were reported in 19.23% of patients, chronic lithiasic cholecystitis was the most common indication for surgery with 73.08% and the conversion rate to open surgery was recorded in 13.46%, so these results are consistent with the values found in the literature.

Prevalencia y Severidad de Asma en Niños de Lima / Prevalence and asthma of severity in children of Lima

La prevalencia y severidad del asma en niños está en aumento en diversos países del mundo, sin embargo es poco lo que se conoce en nuestro país, por lo que es importante evaluar la tendencia de esta enfermedad en Lima. El presente es un estudio epidemiológico que describe la prevalencia y severidad de síntomas sugerentes de asma en niños escolares de 13-14 años del distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima, mediante el cuestionario estándar del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Se empleó un muestreo aleatorio simple, considerando como unidad muestral a todos los colegios registrados en la USE-10. Se entrevistaron a un total de 3174 niños, siendo retirados 37 cuestionarios, por lo que el tamaño muestral final fue de 3137 niños. Se reporta una prevalencia de asma de 26.0 por ciento; el 24 por ciento tenían el antecedente de haber sido diagnósticados por un médico alguna vez. De los 814 niños que presentaron sibilancias recurrentes, el 70.8 por ciento reportaron la presencia de asma inducida por el ejercicio y el 42.8 por ciento reportaron la presencia de tos nocturna. Finalmente el 6.7 por ciento reportaron episodios severos de broncoespamo. Los datos que presentamos nos indican que el asma es una enfermedad altamente prevalente en Lima, que amerita nuestra atención por ser un importante problema de salud pública. Estudios posteriores podrán determinar cuáles son los factores que intervienen en su presentación. Palabras clave: Asma, prevalencia, niños, ISAAC.

Informe preliminar de la evaluación del programa de infección respiratoria aguda: ¿Debe incluír un programa de asma? / A preliminary report of the acute respiratory infections test: should it include an asthma progrma?

Para evaluar la utilidad de tener un protocolo para el manejo de la Patología Obstructiva Bronquial en pediatría dentro del Programa de Infección Respiratoria Aguda (IRA), se estudiaron las fichas de registro de pacientes con POB que acudieron a la Emergencia Pediátrica del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia desde Junio de 1997 hasta Marzo de 1998 y que fueron tratados de acuerdo con el consenso Nacional de Manejo de Asma en Pediatría, con agentes agonistas en Micro Dosificador Inhalatorio (MDI) y esteroides sistémicos de manera escalonada a lo largo de tres horas. Se midió el porcentaje de pacientes que hubiesen cumplido los criterios de neumonía de acuerdo al Programa y el porcentaje de altas luego de un corto período de manejo según el Consenso Nacional. Se encontraron 2/9 (22 por ciento) pacientes menores de 2 meses, 172/292 (59 por ciento) entre 2 y 11 meses y 579/953 (61 por ciento) entre 1 a 4 años, que cumplían los criterios de diagnóstico de Neumonía o Neumonía Grave según el Programa IRA. De aquellos que hubieran sido diagnosticados de Neumonía (ninguno menor de 2 meses), fueron dados de alta con MDI y esteroides (sin antibióticos), el 86,6 por ciento y 91.1 por ciento respectivamente, mientras que de aquellos que hubieran sido diagnosticados de Neumonía Grave, fueron dados de alta el 100 por ciento, 86.1 por ciento y 86.3 por ciento respectivamente. Con el adiestramiento para reconocer las sibilancias y su manejo apropiado con MDI, se podría reducir la innecesaria referencia del paciente así como el uso de antibióticos. Se debería reconsiderar el esquema dado por el Programa de IRA para el manejo de las sibilancias, se sugiere incluir un protocolo similar al Consenso Nacional.

Pseudotumor cerebral asociado a administración de DPT / Pseudotumor cerebri associated to DPT administration: case report and literature review

Introducción. La hipertensión endocraneana asociada a DPT no se encuentra descrita en textos conocidos ni en publicaciones recientes sobre efectos adversos de la DPT. Caso Clínico. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 6 meses de edad que se presentó al hospital con irritabilidad y abombamiento de la fontanela anterior, 2 días después de recibir la tercera dosis de DPT. La citología y química del líquido cefalorraquídeo fueron normales, pero la presión de éste se encontró en 26 cm H2O. Al día siguiente desaparecieron la irritabilidad y el abombamiento de la fontanela anterior. Conclusión. Por las características del caso presentado y la revisión de la literatura se concluye que el pseudotumor cerebral es una reacción adversa posiblemente asociada a la administración de DPT. Es, sin embargo, poco frecuente, benigna y autolimitada. Debe vigilarse por esta reacción adversa en los controles posterior a las inmunizaciones con DPT, especialmente después de la segunda y tercera dosis

Bases racionales para el empleo de aerosoles y espaciadores en asma bronquial / Rational basis for the use of aerosols and spacers in bronchial asthma

Se revisa la utilización de la aerosolterapia incluyendo los factores más importantes que pueden alterar su efectividad como son el tamaño de la partícula a inhalar, los factores propios del paciente y la técnica inhalatoria. Se distinguen tres mecanismos de generación de aerosoles (Microdosificador inhalatorio-MDI-, nebulizadores e inhalaciones de polvo seco) discutiéndose sus ventajas y desventajas, incidiendo particularmente en el microdosificador inhalatorio. Finalmente se revisan algunos instrumentos auxiliares para el MDI así como nuevos modelos que le darían una mayor eficacia.

Asma: definiciones y epidemiología en la edad pediátrica / Asthma: definitions and epidemiology in pediatric age

La definición de asma ha cambiado con los años, actualmente existe interés en poder evaluar desde un punto de vista epidemiológico qué está sucediendo con esta enfermedad. La comparación de prevalencias entre diferentes poblaciones es discutida en esta revisión. Es importante considerar el método utilizado, el conocimiento de la comunidad sobre la enfermedad, la edad a evaluar y otros factores más; se presentan diferentes prevalencias alrededor del mundo, incluyendo un estudio nacional.