Development and content validity of EVAD: A novel tool for evaluating and classifying the severity of adverse events for psychotherapeutic clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: Develop and obtain content validity of a new tool for Evaluating and Classifying the Severity of Adverse Events for Psychotherapeutic Clinical Trials (EVAD). METHOD: Study of the development process of EVAD in four stages: (1) identify the domain and concept definition through a literature review, (2) instrument design, (3) expert judgment of the EVAD items through Gwent's concordance coefficient, and (4) applicability. RESULTS: In the absence of a consistent conceptual framework of adverse events in psychotherapeutic clinical trials, we have developed a framework and defined it. We have designed EVAD items and their complementary tool for rating adverse events. Content validation by expert judges resulted in CVR = 1.0 for each item and CVI = 0.79 in sufficiency, 0.76 in clarity, 0.91 in coherence and 0.95 in relevance for all items (p < 0.001). Final version of EVAD were applied to three participants for 7 weeks. Overall EVAD seems to be clear and meaningful for participants. CONCLUSIONS: EVAD is a semistructured interview based on a consistent conceptual framework, and proven content validity following the most important guidelines described in the literature. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03878186.

Evolution of neuronal anatomy and circuitry in two highly divergent nematode species.

The nematodes C. elegans and P. pacificus populate diverse habitats and display distinct patterns of behavior. To understand how their nervous systems have diverged, we undertook a detailed examination of the neuroanatomy of the chemosensory system of P. pacificus. Using independent features such as cell body position, axon projections and lipophilic dye uptake, we have assigned homologies between the amphid neurons, their first-layer interneurons, and several internal receptor neurons of P. pacificus and C. elegans. We found that neuronal number and soma position are highly conserved. However, the morphological elaborations of several amphid cilia are different between them, most notably in the absence of 'winged' cilia morphology in P. pacificus. We established a synaptic wiring diagram of amphid sensory neurons and amphid interneurons in P. pacificus and found striking patterns of conservation and divergence in connectivity relative to C. elegans, but very little changes in relative neighborhood of neuronal processes. These findings demonstrate the existence of several constraints in patterning the nervous system and suggest that major substrates for evolutionary novelty lie in the alterations of dendritic structures and synaptic connectivity.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB: a 1-year follow-up.

This case report describes a 24-year-old man diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIB and major depression. Because cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has proven effective in the treatment of major depression in the general population and patients with cancer, we decided to adapt and use this therapy and evaluate its impact on major depression and the patient's quality of life. The therapy was conducted individually in 15 sessions that were given over a span of 25 weeks. The data show that therapy was a useful treatment that reduced depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria and self-report instruments. CBT also helped improve the patient's quality of life, and it was considered to be an acceptable intervention for the patient, with ongoing positive results 1 year after the last psychotherapy session. CBT is a potential option for treating depression in this population but further research is needed.

Programa para Modificar Alteraciones de la Imagen Corporal en Estudiantes de Bachillerato / Program to Modify Body Image Disturbances in High School Students

Los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario están asociados a diversos problemas de salud, por lo que resulta relevante prevenir su aparición. Este estudio evaluó el impacto de un programa de prevención selectiva diseñado para modificar las alteraciones de la imagen corporal. Participaron 15 mujeres de 15 a 18 años de edad reclutadas por medio de anuncios colocados en una escuela pública de nivel bachillerato ubicada en la zona norte de la Ciudad de México. Las participantes fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a una de dos condiciones: programa cognitivo-conductual (n = 8) y grupo control en lista de espera (n = 7) y completaron tres medidas (Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, Escala de Siluetas Corporales y Cuestionario de Evitación de la Imagen Corporal), antes y después de la intervención, la cual comprendió 7 sesiones (dos por semana) de 2 horas cada una. El ANOVA de medidas repetidas indicó una reducción en la insatisfacción corporal y en la evitación de actividades sociales. Los resultados aportan evidencia a favor del uso de programas de prevención cognitivo conductuales.

Eating disorders are associated with several health problems, so it is important to prevent its occurrence. This study evaluated the impact of a selective prevention program designed to modify body image disturbances. Sample included 15 women from 15 to 18 years old, recruited through advertisements placed in a public high school situated in north zone of Mexico City. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: cognitive-behavioral (n = 8) and wait list control group (n = 7) and completed three measures (Body Shape Questionnaire, Contour Drawing Rating Scale, and Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire) before and after the intervention, which included 7 sessions (two per week) for 2 hours each. The repeated measures ANOVA indicated a reduction in body dissatisfaction and avoidance of social activities. The results provide evidence for the use of cognitive behavioral prevention programs.