Nail dermatophytoma in HIV-infected patients in Cali, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: A dermatophytoma is a mass of hyphae that is observed at direct examination, it responds poorly to treatment with antifungal drugs, some authors have proposed that it is actually a biofilm. This pathology is underdiagnosed, and its true incidence is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study presents the clinical findings of dermatophytoma in HIV/AIDS patients from Colombia presenting onychomycosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal observational descriptive study was carried out in a third level university hospital. One hundred thirty HIV positive patients diagnosed using ELISA and Western Blot that presented nail lesions on their hands and/or feet compatible with onychomycosis were included. Samples taken from affected nails were observed in direct examination with KOH and seeded onto Sabouraud agar, mycosel agar and dextrose-potato agar. Molds were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. RESULTS: Six (4.6%) individuals presented dermatophytoma. Average age was 43 years (range 33-50); nails more commonly affected (5/6) were on the toes, principally the hallux. Clinical manifestations included a yellow or white, rounded or linear dense area on the nail. Superficial white onychomycosis was present in 83.3% of the patients. Fungal cultures were obtained in only 5 patients; Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex was found in 2 individuals while T. rubrum, T. tonsurans and Epidermophyton floccosum were in the other 3. Average cell count for CD4+T lymphocytes was 86.8 cells/mm3 (range 9-282). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in Colombia of dermatophytoma in HIV/AIDS patients, most of them had a CD4+ T lymphocytes count less than 200 cells/mm3. Several clinical forms of onychomycosis were observed, the most frequent was the white superficial onychomycosis.

Candida auris infection in the central catheter of a patient without sepsis symptoms / Infección por Candida auris en el catéter central de un paciente sin síntomas de sepsis

Abstract Background: Candida auris is an emerging yeast frequently reported as resistant to multiple antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections. This specie can colonize the patient's skin and has great ability for producing outbreaks in hospitals. C. auris is phylogenetically related to other Candida species, can be misidentified using conventional biochemical or commercial methods and requires specific technology for its identification. Case report: We report the first isolate of C. auris in Cali, Colombia, from a central venous catheter in a 37-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis who did not have symptoms of sepsis. The yeast was initially misidentified as C. haemulonii using the Phoenix system and subsequently identified as C. auris by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration; the isolate was susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. Conclusions: This report contributes to knowledge of the epidemiology of C. auris infections in individuals with underlying disease and describes an isolate with a behavior different from what is usually reported.

Resumen Antecedentes: Candida auris es una levadura emergente, informada con frecuencia como resistente a diversos antifúngicos usados comúnmente para tratar infecciones por Candida. Esta especie puede colonizar la piel y tiene gran capacidad de producir brotes en ambientes hospitalarios. Está filogenéticamente relacionada con otras especies de Candida, es mal identificada por los métodos bioquímicos o comerciales, y requiere tecnología específica para su identificación. Reporte de caso: Se informa el primer aislamiento de C. auris en Cali, Colombia en un paciente de 37 años con artritis reumatoide y endocarditis, sin síntomas de sepsis, a partir de la punta de catéter venoso central. La levadura inicialmente se identificó como C. haemulonii por el sistema Phoenix® y posteriormente como C. auris por espectrometría de masas desorción/ionización láser asistida por una matriz con detección de masas por tiempo de vuelo (MALDI-TOF MS). Se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima por el método de microdilución en caldo que mostró un aislamiento sensible a fluconazol, itraconazol, voriconazol y anfotericina B. Conclusión: Este informe contribuye al conocimiento de la epidemiología de las infecciones por C. auris en individuos con enfermedad subyacente y describe un aislamiento con un comportamiento diferente a lo indicado en otros estudios.

Candida auris infection in the central catheter of a patient without sepsis symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Candida auris is an emerging yeast frequently reported as resistant to multiple antifungal drugs commonly used to treat Candida infections. This specie can colonize the patient's skin and has great ability for producing outbreaks in hospitals. C. auris is phylogenetically related to other Candida species, can be misidentified using conventional biochemical or commercial methods and requires specific technology for its identification. CASE REPORT: We report the first isolate of C. auris in Cali, Colombia, from a central venous catheter in a 37-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis who did not have symptoms of sepsis. The yeast was initially misidentified as C. haemulonii using the Phoenix system and subsequently identified as C. auris by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration; the isolate was susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. CONCLUSIONS: This report contributes to knowledge of the epidemiology of C. auris infections in individuals with underlying disease and describes an isolate with a behavior different from what is usually reported.

ANTECEDENTES: Candida auris es una levadura emergente, informada con frecuencia como resistente a diversos antifúngicos usados comúnmente para tratar infecciones por Candida. Esta especie puede colonizar la piel y tiene gran capacidad de producir brotes en ambientes hospitalarios. Está filogenéticamente relacionada con otras especies de Candida, es mal identificada por los métodos bioquímicos o comerciales, y requiere tecnología específica para su identificación. REPORTE DE CASO: Se informa el primer aislamiento de C. auris en Cali, Colombia en un paciente de 37 años con artritis reumatoide y endocarditis, sin síntomas de sepsis, a partir de la punta de catéter venoso central. La levadura inicialmente se identificó como C. haemulonii por el sistema Phoenix® y posteriormente como C. auris por espectrometría de masas desorción/ionización láser asistida por una matriz con detección de masas por tiempo de vuelo (MALDI-TOF MS). Se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima por el método de microdilución en caldo que mostró un aislamiento sensible a fluconazol, itraconazol, voriconazol y anfotericina B. CONCLUSIÓN: Este informe contribuye al conocimiento de la epidemiología de las infecciones por C. auris en individuos con enfermedad subyacente y describe un aislamiento con un comportamiento diferente a lo indicado en otros estudios.

Candida en la cavidad oral de pacientes con VIH en Cali, Colombia: determinación de especies y sensibilidad al fluconazol / Candida in the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients: Identification of species and susceptibility to fluconazole in Cali, Colombia / Candida na cavidade oral de pacientes com HIV: determinação de espécies e sensibilidade ao fluconazol em Cali, Colômbia

Introducción: Candida albicans es la levadura aislada con mayor frecuencia de la cavidad oral de individuos VIH positivos. El uso del fluconazol ha incrementado el aislamiento de especies de Candida diferentes de C. albicans resistentes o con sensibilidad disminuida a este antimicótico. Objetivo: establecer, en individuos VIH positivos de un hospital de la ciudad de Cali, las especies de Candida de la cavidad oral, su densidad poblacional y la sensibilidad al fluconazol de aquellas diferentes de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: las muestras se sembraron en CHROMagar Candida y se hizo el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC); se identificaron las levaduras con el API 20C Aux y se hicieron las pruebas de sensibilidad al fluconazol con el Etest. Resultados: se estudiaron 230 pacientes y hubo 202 aislamientos: 106 fueron únicos y 96, mixtos. C. albicans fue la especie más frecuente, seguida por C. dubliniensis y C. glabrataLas especies diferentes de C. albicans predominaron en los recuentos menores de 400 UFC/mL. El estudio de sensibilidad al fluconazol de las especies diferentes de C. albicans mostró que 14 (40 %) fueron sensibles dosis-dependientes y 7 (20 %), resistentes. Conclusión: en la población estudiada, la cavidad oral está colonizada por aislamientos no salvajes, lo que representa un riesgo para el desarrollo de candidiasis orofaríngea resistente al tratamiento con fluconazol.

Introduction: Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated yeast from the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals. The use of fluconazole has increased the number of resistant or less-sensitive Candida species different from C. albicans, to this antifungal agent. Objective: To establish the Candida species present in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals at a hospital in Cali (Colombia), their population densities, and the susceptibility to fluconazole of species different from C. albicans. Materials and methods: Samples were cultured in CHROMagar Candida and the number of colony forming units (CFU) was counted. Yeast identification was done with API 20C Aux, and the susceptibility tests to fluconazole, by Etest. Results: 230 patients were studied, and 202 isolates were obtained: 106 single and 96 mixed. C. albicans predominated, followed by C. dubliniensis and C. glabrata. Candida species other than C. albicans predominated in counts lower than 400 CFU/mL. Susceptibility study to fluconazole of species different from C. albicans showed that 14 (40 %) of the isolates were susceptible dose-dependent and 7 (20 %), resistant. Conclusion: In the studied population, the oral cavity was colonized by non-wild type isolates that represent a risk for the development of oropharyngeal candidiasis resistant to fluconazole treatment.

Introdução: Candida albicans é o fermento isolado com maior frequência da cavidade oral de indivíduos HIV positivos. O uso do fluconazol incrementou o isolamento de espécies de Candida diferentes de C. albicans resistentes ou com sensibilidade diminuída a este antimicótico. Objetivo: estabelecer, em indivíduos HIV positivos de um hospital da cidade de Cali, as espécies de Candida da cavidade oral, sua densidade populacional e a sensibilidade ao fluconazol daquelas diferentes de C. albicans. Materiais e métodos: as mostras se semearam em CHROMagar Candida e se fez a recontagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC); identificaram-se os fermentos com o API 20C Aux e se fizeram as provas de sensibilidade ao fluconazol com o Etest. Resultados: estudaram-se 230 pacientes e teve 202 isolamentos: 106 foram únicos e 96, mistos. C. albicans foi a espécie mais frequente, seguida por C. dubliniensis e C. glabrata. As espécies diferentes de C. albicans predominaram nas recontagens menores de 400 UFC/ML. O estudo de sensibilidade ao fluconazol das espécies diferentes de C. albicans mostrou que 14 (40 %) foram sensíveis doses-dependentes e 7 (20 %), resistentes. Conclusão: na população estudada, a cavidade oral está colonizada por isolamentos não selvagens, o que representa um risco para o desenvolvimento de candidíase orofaríngea resistente ao tratamento com fluconazol.

Prototecosis cutánea: presentación de un caso con énfasis en la histopatología / Cutaneous protothecosis: report of a case with emphasis on histopathology

La prototecosis es una infección infrecuente causada por algas del género Prototheca. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante estudios microbiológicos o por la identificación del alga en biopsias por su morfología característica. Se presenta el hallazgo histopatológico de prototecosis en una mujer de 72 años con diagnóstico presuntivo de dermatitis actínica crónica; en el estudio anatomatopatológico de una biopsia de piel se observaron estructuras con septos internos típicos de Prototheca. Se hace una revisión de todos los registros de esta enfermedad en Colombia.

Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by algae of the Prototheca genus. Its diagnosis is based on microbiological studies and on the identification in biopsies of the characteristic structures of the algae. We present the histopathological findings of protothecosis in a 72 year-old woman with the presumptive diagnosis of chronic actinic dermatitis. The pathological study of a skin biopsy revealed structures with internal septa typical of Prototheca. A review of all reports of this disease in Colombia is also presented.

Pseudomembranous candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in Cali, Colombia.

Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated yeast from the oral cavity of HIV/AIDS individuals. The use of fluconazole has increased the number of resistant or less-sensitive Candida species different than C. albicans. The purpose of this study was to identify the Candida species producing pseudomembranous candidiasis in patients suffering from AIDS, their relationship with CD4(+) counts and their sensitivity to fluconazole and itraconazole. We studied 71 patients at a hospital in the city of Cali. Samples of white plaque were seeded on CHROMagar Candida, yeast identification was done with API 20C Aux, and susceptibility testing was determined by E test. Ninety-three yeast isolates were obtained, 52 single and 41 mixed. C. albicans was the most isolated, followed by C. glabrata. An increased frequency of isolates and variety of Candida species occurred in patients with a CD4(+) cell count ≤100 cells/mm(3) without significant differences (p = 0.29). The susceptibility study showed that 8 (8.6%) isolates were resistant to fluconazole and 11 (11.8%) to itraconazole, while 6 (8.8%) C. albicans were simultaneously resistant. No association was found between the isolates of C. albicans or Candida species different than C. albicans and the use of fluconazole (p = 0.21). The results of this study indicate that in the tested population, fluconazole continues to be the best treatment option for oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients suffering from AIDS (HIV/AIDS); however, susceptibility tests are necessary in patients who present therapeutic failure.

Case report of Schizophyllum commune sinusitis in an immunocompetent patient / Informe de un caso de sinusitis por Schizophyllum commune en enfermo inmuno-competente

Schizophyllum commune is a basidiomycete fungus with broad distribution in nature; however, it is a rare cause of infectious disease. We report the isolation of this mould in a 46 year-old immunocompetent patient with chronic sinusitis previously treated with multiple antibiotics and topical nasal steroids. Material obtained via a left maxillary sinus antrostomy showed septate hyaline hyphae with clamp connections on direct examination with KOH and histopathological studies. Further growth on Sabouraud agar produced a white mould that, based on its microscopic and macroscopic characteristics, was identified as S. commune. Despite its low frequency, this fungus should be considered a possible pathogen, particularly in samples obtained from paranasal sinuses.

Schizophyllum commune es un hongo basidiomiceto con una amplia distribución en la naturaleza, que con poca frecuencia causa enfermedad infecciosa. Se informa el aislamiento de este moho, en un paciente inmuno-competente de 46 años con sinusitis crónica tratada previamente con múltiples antibióticos y esteroides tópicos nasales. Por una antrostomía maxilar izquierda se obtuvo una muestra que en el examen directo con KOH y tinciones histopatológicas, mostró hifas septadas hialinas con conexiones en asa. En agar Sabouraud creció un moho blanco que por sus características macroscópicas y microscópicas se identificó como S. commune. El paciente fue tratado con itraconazol y después de cuatro meses hubo resolución de las manifestaciones clínicas. A pesar de su baja frecuencia, este hongo se debe considerar como posible patógeno, en especial en muestras de senos paranasales.

Probióticos: utilidad clínica: [revisión] / Probiotics: clinical perspectives: [review]

El interés en las terapias preventivas y suplementos nutricionales ha aumentado en los últimos años. Los probióticos son organismos vivos que al ser ingeridos afectan benéficamente al huésped mejorando su balance intestinal. Los organismos más estudiados son las bacterias ácido-lácticas, sobre todo  Lactobacillus spp y Bifidobacterium spp., consideradas seguras para uso humano. Los efectos benéficos en la salud incluyen tratamiento y prevención de la diarrea por rotavirus en niños y reducción de la diarrea asociada con el uso de antibióticos. También se ha encontrado que contribuyen en la prevención de la diarrea del viajero, vaginitis, infecciones urinarias, alergia a los alimentos y reacciones atópicas en niños y pueden mejorar la intolerancia a la lactosa. Se han informado resultados prometedores en personas con enfermedad inflamatoria del intestino, enterocolitis necrotizante y colon irritado. Recientemente, se ha sugerido que pueden ayudar en el tratamiento contra Helicobacter pylori y en prevenir el proceso de carcinogénesis pero son necesarios más estudios. Se encuentra en investigación el uso de bacterias ácido-lácticas como antígenos para el desarrollo de vacunas que induzcan una respuesta humoral protectora. A pesar que los probióticos representan un avance terapéutico importante, es necesario continuar en la investigación científica de los mismos, definir sus mecanismos de acción, realizar más estudios doble ciego para continuar dilucidando su utilidad, mecanismos de acción y determinar por qué y cuándo fallan en algunos eventos clínicos.

Interest for preventive therapies and nutritional supplementation has increased over the last years. Probiotics are live organisms that once ingested, improve the intestinal balance. The organisms with best experience and information are acid lactic bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus spp y Bifidobacterium spp., which are considered safe for humans. Probiotics beneficial effects have been demonstrated in the fallowing situations: prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children, diarrhea related to antibiotics use, traveler’s diarrhea, vaginosis, urinary tract infections, food allergies, lactose intolerance and atopic dermatitis. Promising results using proibiotics have been reported in bowel inflammatory disease, necrotizing enterocolitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Recently some evidence suggests that probióticos can improved treatment for Helicobacter pylori and prevent the carcinogenesis process, but more studies are needed in this area. The use of lactic bacteria in the elaboration of vaccines to improve protective effect is under investigation. Although probiotics represent an important therapeutic option  more studies are necessary in some areas to elucidate their utility, mechanism of action and determine why and when they fail in different clinical situations.

Onychomycosis in Cali, Colombia.

This study presents the epidemiological and mycological aspects of 299 patients with nail lesions who were referred to three diagnostic laboratories in the city of Cali. The diagnosis of mycoses was established through visualization of mycotic structures in a direct microscopic examination of skin scrapings and by isolation. Onychomycosis was found in 183 cases (61.2%), of which 141 were in toenails (44 in males and 97 in females), 38 in fingernails (9 males and 29 females), and 4 cases in toenails and fingernails simultaneously (all females). No statistically significant relation was found between sex and onychomycosis. Yeasts accounted for 40.7% of the mycoses, dermatophytes for 38%, nondermatophyte molds for 14% and the etiology was mixed in the remaining cases (7.3%). Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated yeast species; the most common dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum and Fusarium spp. and Scytalidium dimidiatum were the most common nondermatophytic molds. Them common fungi found in fingernails were yeasts; in toenails dermatophytes were more prevalent (chi2 with Yates' correction = 19.75, P= 0.000088). Yeasts were observed more frequently in females while dermatophytes were more common in males. The difference between these two etiologic groups was statistically significant (chi2 with Yates' correction = 7.43, P = 0.0064); no relation was observed according to age.