Sobre algunos términos de uso frecuente en Medicina Nuclear / On some terms of frequent use in nuclear Medicine

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[Diagnostic value of gated-SPECT for each coronary artery in patients clinically diagnosed of coronary heart disease]. / Valor diagnóstico del gated-SPECT para cada arteria coronaria en pacientes con el diagnóstico clínico de cardiopatía isquémica.

UNLABELLED: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of gated-SPECT for each coronary artery in patients with clinical diagnosis or suspicion of coronary heart disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population is made up of 43 patients (64 9 years, 88% male gender) with prior clinical diagnosis or suspicion of coronary heart disease who had undergone gated-SPECT (99mTc-tetrofosmin) and cardiac catheterization. Scintigraphic study after exercise treadmill test and rest study were performed on the same day. RESULTS: Gated-SPECT showed perfusion defects in 86% of patients, the mean number of territories with perfusion defects being 1.58 +/- 0.79. A total of 39 (91%) of the 43 patients had significant coronary heart disease. Single, two- and three-vessel disease was demonstrated in 12 (28%), 15 (35%) and 12 (28%) patients, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 81% and 91%, respectively, for left anterior descending artery, 88% and 65% for right coronary artery, and 55% and 81% for circumflex one. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial scintigraphy with gated-SPECT offers high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of left anterior descending artery disease. However, sensitivity for circumflex artery and specificity for right coronary artery were low in our series.

[Clinical predictors of the presence of perfusion defects in more than than one territory in myocardial scintigraphy with GATED-SPECT]. / Predictores clínicos de la existencia de defectos de perfusión de más de un territorio en la gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica con GATED-SPECT.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Extension of perfusion defects is associated with outcome in patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy. The study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics that can predict the existence of perfusion defects in more than one territory in patients referred for myocardial scintigraphy with GATED-SPECT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 193 patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy with GATED-SPECT (99mTc-tetrofosmine) were studied. Clinical variables and scintigraphy results were studied to determine what clinical variables are associated with perfusion defects in more than one territory. RESULTS: The number of territories with perfusion defects per patient was 1.1 0.8 and 29% had perfusion defects in > 1 territory. Patients with greater probability of having perfusion defects in > 1 territory were those with previous myocardial infarction (44% vs 21%, p = 0.030) and males (33% vs 10%, p = 0.006). In addition, patients with > 2 coronary risk factors had a statistical tendency to have defects in > 1 territory (47% vs 20%, p = 0.057). Only 15% of the patients with one of these three characteristics had perfusion defects in > 1 territory in comparison with 45% and 83% in those with 2 or 3 factors, respectively. CONCLUSION: Considering 3 simple clinical characteristics (male gender, previous infarction and existence of > 2 coronary risk factors), it is possible to predict which patients are more likely to show perfusion defects in > 1 territory during GATED-SPECT myocardial scintigraphy.

Predictores clínicos de la existencia de defectos de perfusión de más de un territorio en la gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica con GATED-SPECT / Clinical predictors of the presence of perfusion defects in more than one territory in myocardial scintigraphy with gated spect

Introducción y objetivo: La extensión de los defectos de perfusión es un marcador pronóstico en los pacientes a los que se realiza gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica. El objetivo fue determinar qué variables clínicas pueden predecir la existencia de defectos de perfusión en más de un territorio en pacientes a los que se realiza gammagrafía de perfusión miocárdica mediante GATED-SPECT. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 193 pacientes a los que se realizó estudio de perfusión miocárdica mediante GATEDSPECT con 99mTc-tetrofosmina. Se analizaron las variables clínicas y el resultado del estudio isotópico, con objeto de determinar las características asociadas a la existencia de defectos de perfusión en > 1 territorio. Resultados: El número de territorios con defectos de perfusión por paciente fue 1,1 ñ 0,8 y el 29 per cent presentaron defectos de perfusión en > 1 territorio. Los pacientes con mayor probabilidad de tener defectos de perfusión en > 1 territorio fueron aquellos con infarto de miocardio previo (44 per cent vs 21 per cent, p = 0,030) y los varones (33 per cent vs 10 per cent, p = 0,006). Además, los pacientes con > 2 factores de riesgo coronario presentaron una tendencia estadística a tener más frecuentemente defectos de perfusión en > 1 territorio (47 per cent vs 20 per cent, p = 0,057).Sólo el 15 per cent de los pacientes con una de estas tres características tuvieron defectos de perfusión en > 1 territorio, en comparación con el 45 per cent y el 83 per cent de los que presentaron dos o tres factores, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta tres variables clínicas sencillas (sexo masculino, infarto previo y existencia de > 2 factores de riesgo), podemos conocer qué pacientes tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar defectos de perfusión en más de un territorio en el estudio mediante GATED-SPECT (AU)

Valor diagnóstico del GATED-SPECT para cada arteria coronaria en pacientes con el diagnóstico clínico de cardiopatía isquémica / Diagnostic value of gated-spect for each coronary artery in patients clinically diagnosed of coronary heart disease

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el valor diagnóstico del gated-SPECT para cada una de las arterias coronarias en pacientes con diagnóstico previo o sospecha de enfermedad coronaria. Pacientes y métodos: La población de estudio esta formada por 43 pacientes (64 ñ 9 años, 88 per cent varones) con diagnóstico previo o sospecha de cardiopatía isquémica a los que se les había realizado estudio gated-SPECT y coronariografía. El radiofármaco empleado fue 99mTc-tetrofosmina, realizándose en el mismo día el estudio tras ejercicio físico en tapiz rodante y el estudio de reposo. Resultados: El estudio gated-SPECT mostró defectos de perfusión en el 86 per cent de los pacientes, siendo el número de territorios con defecto de perfusión por paciente 1,58 ñ 0,79.De los 43 pacientes, 39 (91 per cent) tenían enfermedad coronaria significativa. La enfermedad fue de 1, 2 y 3 vasos en 12 (28 per cent), 15 (35 per cent) y 12 (28 per cent) pacientes, respectivamente. La sensibilidad y especificidad fueron, respectivamente, 81 per cent y 91 per cent para la descendente anterior, 88 per cent y 65 per cent para la coronaria derecha y 55 per cent y 81 per cent para la circunfleja. Conclusiones: En pacientes con diagnóstico previo o sospecha de cardiopatía isquémica, la gammagrafía mediante gated-SPECT posee una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad en el diagnóstico de enfermedad de la arteria descendente anterior. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad para la circunfleja y la especificidad para la coronaria derecha fueron bajas en nuestra serie. (AU)

[Study of active myocardial damage in children with suspected myocarditis using antimyosin monoclonal antibodies (AMMoAb-111In)]. / Estudio evolutivo del daño miocárdica activo en niños con sospecha de miocarditis mediante anticuerpos monoclonales antimiosina (AbMoAM-111In).

BACKGROUND: The study with monoclonal antimyosin antibody-111In has proved to be useful in the detection of the myocardial damage present in different processes. There is active myocardial damage and specific antimyosin uptake in myocarditis, as both experimental and clinical trials have shown. In experimental models the evolution of myocardial damage has been studied, where a parallelism between the histological changes of the myocardial damage and the evolution on the antimyosin uptake has been found. In clinical myocarditis it is difficult to do an histological follow up of the inflammatory process, and therefore the evolution of myocardial damage present in myocarditis is unknown. The antimyosin antibody images allow a non-invasive study of this evolution. OBJECTIVES: a) to study with monoclonal antimyosin antibody-111In, the myocardial damage present regarding the disease evolution in children with suspected clinical diagnosis of myocarditis; b) to evaluate the evolution of the active myocardial damage reflected on the changes on the monoclonal antimyosin antibody-111In uptake. METHODS: A study with monoclonal antimyosin antibody-111In was carried out on 43 children, 16 males and 27 females with a median age of 39 months (SD 48 m; range: 2-167) with suspected diagnosis of acute myocarditis defined as the presence of congestive cardiac failure or severe ventricular arrhythmia with less than 12 months of evolution. The image evaluation was done visually and through the heart to lung ratio. Twenty of these patients were also followed up with antimyosin antibody scan for a period of 19 +/- 9 months, and 3.8 +/- 1.7 studies were performed on them in this time. RESULTS: The prevalence of positive myocardial uptake was 83.72%. There is a negative correlation (r = -0.352; p < 0.02) between the evolution time of the process and the heart to lung ratio: patients studied before two months, have a higher heart to lung ratio and greater prevalence of positive studies than those studied later (heart to lung ratio 2.09 vs 1.74; p = 0.013; 90% vs 69.2%). Of the patients followed up with antimyosin antibody scans, 6 showed a clinical relapse which increased their heart to lung ratio. The other 14 showed an progressive decrease of the heart to lung ratio reaching normality in 14 +/- 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: a) the uptake intensity of monoclonal antimyosin antibody-111In, as a reflection of the myocardial damage, depends on the disease evolution time, as in the first two months is when the major damage happens; b) the uptake intensity slowly decreases, tending to normality around the 14th month, although this evolution may be altered by the appearance of relapses.

Abnormal gallium-67 skull uptake: a sign of peripheral marrow activation in HIV-positive patients with disseminated mycobacterioses.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of abnormal 67Ga-citrate skull uptake in AIDS patients with mycobacterioses. METHODS: Gallium-67 scans of 39 HIV-positive patients who have been diagnosed with mycobacterioses were analyzed; the scans of 15 consecutive HIV-positive patients without mycobacterioses were also reviewed as a control group. The skull was chosen to assess bone marrow uptake because of the absence of overlapping structures. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 39 (74%) patients with mycobacterial infections had disseminated disease. Gallium-67 uptake in the skull was visualized in 24 of these 29 patients (82%). One of the patients without disseminated disease and one patient in the control group (n = 15) showed skull uptake. CONCLUSION: Abnormal 67Ga skull uptake appears to be a sensitive (82%) and specific (82%) indicator of disseminated mycobacterial infection in HIV-positive patients.

Radionuclide assessment of right ventricular contractile reserve after acute myocardial infarction.

Conflicting data have been reported about the implications of a decreased right ventricular (RV) contractile reserve (i.e., a < 5% stress-induced increase in ejection fraction [EF]). If a reduced reserve corresponds to ischemia, it will probably be associated with an electrocardiographic marker of RV ischemia, stress-induced ST-segment elevation (increases ST) in leads V3R to V6R. To test this hypothesis, 98 asymptomatic postinfarction patients (27 with RV infarction) were assigned to a dobutamine stress test (maximal dose 40 micrograms/kg/min) with equilibrium radionuclide angiography and electrocardiographic study, including leads V3R to V6R. All but 11 patients underwent coronary angiography. A dobutamine-induced increases ST in VR leads was seen in 24 patients with and in 8 without RV infarction. This electrocardiographic sign was 75% sensitive and 84% specific for the diagnosis of proximal right coronary artery disease. It was 61% sensitive and 74% specific for the detection of reduced RV contractile reserve. Patients with RV infarction had reduced RVEF at rest (38 +/- 9%), but the mean contractile reserve was normal (12 +/- 12%). The contractile reserve was significantly smaller in patients with proximal versus distal or no right coronary artery disease. It was also smaller (P < 0.01) in patients with increased ST versus no increased ST. In conclusion, high doses of dobutamine are useful in assessing RV contractile reserve after acute myocardial infarction. In these patients, a reduced RV contractile reserve is related to proximal right coronary artery disease and is associated with stress-induced increased ST in VR leads.

The dobutamine stress test with thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography and radionuclide angiography: postinfarction study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate left ventricular wall motion changes during dobutamine-induced myocardial ischemia. BACKGROUND: Dobutamine is increasingly used as a stress test. It has been assumed that high doses of the drug induce the same changes in contractility as physical exercise. However, some data suggest that ischemic myocardium can respond to dobutamine with an increase in contractility. METHODS: Sixty-three postinfarction patients twice underwent the dobutamine test (up to 40 micrograms/kg per min) within 1 to 2 days. Thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography were performed on each patient at rest and with dobutamine. Both global and regional ejection fractions were quantified. Sixty patients underwent coronary cineangiography within 1 week. The presence of redistribution was correlated with global and regional ejection fraction changes and with coronary lesions. RESULTS: Redistribution was present in 45 patients, and no change or a decrease in global or regional ejection fraction was detected in 22. In the entire group of patients global ejection fraction increased from 46 +/- 12% to 56 +/- 14%. The six patients with triple-vessel disease had a flat (-0.2 +/- 5%) ejection fraction response to dobutamine, whereas the remaining patients had an increase of 11 +/- 7% (p = 0.003). The regional ejection fraction of the hypokinetic area increased from 27 +/- 10% to 41 +/- 19%, showing no change or a decrease in 13 patients. The 44 patients with peri-infarct redistribution had a significantly higher increase in regional ejection fraction than those without redistribution (16.4 +/- 10% vs. 4.7 +/- 17%, p = 0.003). In the patients with peri-infarct redistribution, an inverse linear correlation was found between redistribution score and dobutamine-induced regional ejection fraction change (r = -0.44, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Mild to moderate dobutamine-induced peri-infarct ischemia is compatible with an increase in contractility, whereas severe ischemia induces worsening of wall motion.

Thallium-201 exercise scintigraphy in patients having complete left bundle branch block with normal coronary arteries.

Eleven patients with left bundle branch block and chest pain suggestive of coronary arterial disease were analyzed using thallium-201 exercise scintigraphy, M-mode echocardiography and coronary arteriography. The coronary arteries were shown to be normal in all patients. A reversible anteroseptal defect on thallium-201 scintigraphy and an asynchronous septal motion on echocardiography were evident in eight patients. Thus, symptomatic patients with left bundle branch block may have reversible anteroseptal defects on thallium-201 scintigraphy which do not indicate coronary artery disease. Rather, they may be due to functional ischemia secondary to abnormal septal motion.