[Characteristics of the pneumonia syndrome in adults during the war in Sarajevo 1992-1993]. / Karakteristike pneumonijskog sindroma odraslih u ratnom Sarajevu 1992/1993.

We have compared some vital statistics and symptoms as well as clinical findings of the patients hospitalised due to primary non specific lung inflammation in the previous period of aggression at Bosnia and Herzegovina with those in patients hospitalised before the aggression at Bosnia and Herzegovina. The frequency of hospitalisation due to bronchopneumoniae and pleuropneumoniae has been more frequent during the war about three times, while the frequency of treatment from pneumoniae has been the same as before the war. The war population of hospitalised is distinguished in aged persons and persons suffering from chronic diseases, in particular alcoholism, chronic hepatitis and so on. Generally observing, symptoms and physical signs has been more significantly expressed in the war than in the pre-war hospitalised population. The remarkable fact is that clinical findings of values drop of alpha 1 globulins is expressed as well as erythrocytes and the slow increase of leucocytes value in the war in relation to pre-war population of hospitalised from the non specific lung inflammation. The significantly prolonged is the treatment duration, the time of roentgenologic regression of the findings as well as the period of normalisation of haematologic findings with more frequent finding of acute complications (abscess, empyema) in the war than in the pre-war population.

The influence of arm position on the pinch grip strength of female dentists in standing and sitting positions.

The objective of this study was to measure and compare hand pinch grip forces in standing and sitting postures for a group of 77 healthy female dentists of 25 to 55 years old. The equipment used consisted of a gripping device with strain gauges, a measuring device and a printer. The results can be described as follows. With respect to absolute values the hand pinch forces are higher when the subject is standing with her arm supported, than when she is sitting. In the standing position the measured forces were maximum when the forearm was at 60 degrees angle towards the frontal position, while in the sitting position the pinch grip forces were maximum with the forearm vertical (90 degrees ) with respect to the frontal position. The above data can be used to design the dentist's working area.

[Effect of work on the body posture in dental team members]. / Utjecaj razlicitih tehnologija rada na nacin poslova i radni polozaj tijela stomatoloskog tima u toku radnog procesa.

Differences between two working process technologies during the working time of a DMD and his/her team were studied. The study sample consisted of 16 dental medicine teams from the Zagreb area. One half of the teams were working using the conditionally termed old technology (T I), and the other half employed the new technology (T II). The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which the new technology elicited beneficial health-related effects on the team as a whole and on the working process in particular, as compared to the old technology. In particular sections of the process of work, differences were statistically significant, as shown by the results tabularly presented. Comparison of the two study groups was also carried out. It appears noteworthy to mention that the new technology, and even this one used for comparison in this study, should be expected to contribute to better working process which, in turn, might at the same time be one of the guidelines for future studies in dental medicine ergonomics.

[Ergonomy--dentistry--biomechanics]. / Ergonomija--stomatologija--biomehanika.

In this paper the authors present with scientifically--critically looking, ergonomicas--in interdisciplinary group of applied sciences, show the outstanding possibilities of complete analysis and improvement of "man--machine--environment system". With a scientific approach and use of the latest principles of modern ergonomics, the term of dental ergonomics is introduced in dental medicine. It particularly refers to the creation of different models of dental equipment, instruments and working areas, as well as to the investigation of the harmful factors and the effects of working environment on the dentist's health, especially, on the locomotor system which is mostly affected within the "dentist/patient/--equipment--environment system". In conclusion the authors pointed to the fact that there are still so many uninvestigated questions and problems related to dental ergonomics.

A comparative investigation of the influence of certain arm positions on hand pinch grips in the standing and sitting positions of dentists.

Hand pinch grips in the standing and sitting positions on a group of 46 healthy males of 20 to 26 years old were measured. The results were as follows: 1. Hand pinch grip forces are higher when the subject is standing than when he is sitting. 2. Hand pinch grip forces, depending on the position of the arm in the working space, are higher when the arm is supported than the corresponding forces of the unsupported arm. 3. There is an effect due to the position of the arm in relation to the frontal position of the subject's thorax. In the standing position, the forces are maximum when the forearm has a 60 degrees angle towards the frontal position, while in the sitting position pinch grip forces are maximum when the forearm is perpendicular (90 degrees ) to the frontal position. 4. A handle which permits all fingers to be spread in a pinch grip is capable of having an applied force 50% greater than if the thumb and either forefinger or middlefinger grips the handle. In such a handle each finger is required to apply less force to contribute to the total needed for the task, and therefore there is a diminished likelihood of the onset of fatigue.

[Investigation of hand grasps of women-dentist in standing position]. / Istrazivanje zahvatnih sila sakom u stojecem polozaju zena-stomatologa.

The authors investigated the magnitude of hand grasping forces in certain positions of the arm in standing position of women dentists. The investigation concerned a sample of 39 female dentists. The research consisted of 3 devices: the grasping device with electroresistant tape; the measuring device and the printer for graphical registration of deformations. In conclusion the authors pointed out the effect of hand position in relation to the frontal plane of the dentist. Grasping forces of the hand increased with the increase of the angle between the upper arm and the forearm. Higher values of grasping forces in standing position suggested the need of use of the former position during grasps which required big forces in addition to the technique. (e.i. too the extraction).