Dilatação idiopática do átrio direito: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium: case report and literature review

Relatamos caso de paciente, apresentando dilatação aneurismática do átrio direito sem a presença de outras cardiopatias estruturais. Essa é uma entidade clínica rara, cujo prognóstico depende do diagnóstico precoce da doença.

Angiotomografia com múltiplos detectores no diagnóstico de drenagem venosa pulmonar anômala: experiência inicial / Multidetector-row computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: an initial experiment

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que a angiotomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores é um método efetivo e não invasivo para o diagnóstico de drenagem venosa pulmonar anômala. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 2.905 angiotomografias computadorizadas com múltiplos detectores cardíacas realizadas em nosso serviço no período de julho de 2003 a novembro de 2007. Destas, 393 foram destinadas para avaliar cardiopatias congênitas e as 2.512 restantes, para analisar as artérias coronárias. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 21 casos de drenagem venosa pulmonar anômala, sendo 7 (33,3 por cento) do tipo total e 14 (66,7 por cento) do tipo parcial. Das drenagens venosas pulmonares anômalas totais, três foram do tipo supracardíaco, três do tipo infracardíaco e uma do tipo cardíaco. CONCLUSÃO: A angiotomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores tem demonstrado fundamental importância no diagnóstico destas anomalias, principalmente por se tratar de método não invasivo capaz de analisar estruturas intra e extracardíacas e por permitir um estudo completo da anatomia torácica, contribuindo sobremaneira na conduta cirúrgica e, consequentemente, no prognóstico destes pacientes, especialmente por diagnosticar malformações não suspeitadas clinicamente.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if multidetector-row computed tomography angiography is an effective and non-invasive method for diagnosing anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 2,905 cases from July 2003 to November 2007 in which cardiac multidetector-row computed tomography angiography was used. Of the cases, 393 evaluated congenital cardiopathy, with the others (2,512) evaluating the coronary arteries. RESULTS: Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was found in 21 cases, with 7 (33.3 percent) from total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (3 supracardiac, 3 infracardiac and 1 cardiac), and 14 (66.7 percent) from partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. CONCLUSION: Multidetector-row computed tomography angiography can be useful for diagnosing the described anomalies because of its non-invasiveness, and its ability to evaluate intra- and extra-cardiac structures. The technique allows a thorough study of the thoracic anatomy and contributes to surgical conduct, consequently improving patient prognosis, in particular by allowing the diagnosis of clinically unsuspected malformations.

Kawasaki disease: a review with emphasis on cardiovascular complications.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in the United States. Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity, are responsible for virtually all deaths from KD and should be evaluated as soon as possible after the acute phase to establish the baseline status, in order to predict disease progression and determine adequate treatment. In selected patients, electrocardiography (ECG)-gated cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are valuable non-invasive techniques that can be used to help diagnose the cardiovascular complications associated with KD. In this article, we review the epidemiology, aetiology and pathogenesis, histopathology, clinical features, cardiovascular complications and imaging, focusing on the role of cardiac CT and MR on the initial assessment and follow-up of the cardiovascular complications of KD.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: the influence of surgical strategy on outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To report a surgical strategy for the Norwood procedure in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) that enables short hypothermic circulatory arrest time and aortic arch reconstruction with autologous pericardium patch, and to compare the results of the modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit procedures as the source of pulmonary blood flow. METHODS: Retrospective study of 71 newborns with HLHS consecutively operated between March, 1999 and February, 2006. One technique for reconstruction of the neoaorta and two different techniques for reestablishment of the pulmonary blood flow were used: the mBT shunt in the first 37 newborns and RV-PA conduit in the last 34. Cannulation of the ductus arteriosus for arterial perfusion was the main part of the surgical strategy to reduce the hypothermic circulatory arrest time. RESULTS: In-hospital survival for the entire cohort was 74.64%, or 67.57% and 82.35% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.1808). Mortality rates between the first and second palliation stages were 40% and 4.4% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.0054). Hypothermic circulatory arrest times were 45.79+/-1.99 min and 36.62+/-1.62 min (p=0.0012), respectively. Late coarctation of the aorta occurred in five patients (7.2%). CONCLUSION: This surgical strategy resulted in short circulatory arrest time, low mortality and favorable morphology of the neoaorta, with low incidence of late coarctation of the aorta. The higher rate of survival to first palliation stage with the RV-PA conduit was not significant, but interstage mortality was statistically lower when compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure.

Síndrome da hipoplasia do coração esquerdo: a influência da estratégia cirúrgica nos resultados / Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: the influence of surgical strategy on outcomes

OBJETIVOS: Relatar uma estratégia cirúrgica para a operação de Norwood na síndrome de hipoplasia do coração esquerdo (SHCE), que possibilite tempo curto de parada circulatória hipotérmica e reconstrução do arco aórtico com pericárdio autólogo. Comparar os resultados das técnicas anastomose de Blalock-Taussig modificado (B-Tm) e tubo ventrículo direito para artéria pulmonar (VD-AP) no restabelecimento da circulação pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo compreendendo 71 neonatos portadores de SHCE, consecutivamente operados entre março de 1999 e fevereiro de 2006. Foi usada a mesma técnica de reconstrução da neo-aorta e duas técnicas diferentes de restabelecimento da circulação pulmonar: anastomose de B-Tm nos primeiros 37 neonatos e tubo VD-AP nos últimos 34. A canulação do canal arterial para a perfusão arterial foi a parte principal da estratégia cirúrgica para diminuir o tempo de parada circulatória hipotérmica. RESULTADOS: A sobrevida geral foi de 74,64 por cento, sendo de 67,57 por cento no grupo B-Tm e de 82,35 por cento no grupo tubo VD-AP (p = 0,1808). Os índices de mortalidade entre o primeiro e o segundo estágios foram de 40 por cento e de 4,4 por cento, respectivamente, nos grupo B-Tm e tubo VD-AP (p = 0,0054). Os tempos de parada circulatória hipotérmica foram, respectivamente, de 45,79 + 1,99 minutos e de 36,62 + 1,62 minutos (p = 0,0012). Coarctação tardia da aorta ocorreu em cinco pacientes (7,2 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Essa estratégia cirúrgica resultou em tempo curto de parada circulatória, baixa mortalidade e boa morfologia da neo-aorta, com baixa incidência tardia de coarctação aórtica. A maior sobrevida ao primeiro estágio com o tubo VD-AP não foi significante, mas a mortalidade interestágios foi estatisticamente menor na comparação com o procedimento B-Tm.

OBJECTIVES: To report a surgical strategy for the Norwood procedure in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) that enables short hypothermic circulatory arrest time and aortic arch reconstruction with autologous pericardium patch, and to compare the results of the modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit procedures as the source of pulmonary blood flow. METHODS: Retrospective study of 71 newborns with HLHS consecutively operated between March, 1999 and February, 2006. One technique for reconstruction of the neoaorta and two different techniques for reestablishment of the pulmonary blood flow were used: the mBT shunt in the first 37 newborns and RV-PA conduit in the last 34. Cannulation of the ductus arteriosus for arterial perfusion was the main part of the surgical strategy to reduce the hypothermic circulatory arrest time. RESULTS: In-hospital survival for the entire cohort was 74.64 percent, or 67.57 percent and 82.35 percent for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.1808). Mortality rates between the first and second palliation stages were 40 percent and 4.4 percent for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.0054). Hypothermic circulatory arrest times were 45.79±1.99 min and 36.62±1.62min (p=0.0012), respectively. Late coarctation of the aorta occurred in five patients (7.2 percent). CONCLUSION: This surgical strategy resulted in short circulatory arrest time, low mortality and favorable morphology of the neoaorta, with low incidence of late coarctation of the aorta. The higher rate of survival to first palliation stage with the RV-PA conduit was not significant, but interstage mortality was statistically lower when compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure.

Diagnostic performance of stress perfusion and delayed-enhancement MR imaging in patients with coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: To prospectively determine the accuracy of a combined magnetic resonance (MR) imaging approach (stress first-pass perfusion imaging followed by delayed-enhancement imaging) for depicting clinically significant coronary artery stenosis (> or = 70% stenosis) in patients suspected of having or known to have coronary artery disease (CAD), with coronary angiography serving as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The committee on human research approved the study protocol, and all participants gave written informed consent. This study was HIPAA compliant. Forty-seven patients (38 men and nine women; mean age, 63 years +/- 5.3 [standard deviation]) scheduled for coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled: 33 were suspected of having CAD (group A) and 14 had experienced a previous myocardial infarction and were suspected of having new lesions (group B). The MR imaging protocol included cine function, gadolinium-enhanced stress and rest first-pass perfusion MR imaging, and delayed-enhancement MR imaging. Myocardial ischemia was defined as a segment with perfusion deficit at stress first-pass perfusion MR imaging and no hyperenhancement at delayed-enhancement imaging. Myocardial infarction was defined as an area with hyperenhancement at delayed-enhancement imaging. RESULTS: One patient was excluded from analysis because of poor-quality MR images. Coronary angiography depicted significant stenosis in 30 of 46 patients (65%). In a per-vessel analysis (n = 138), stress first-pass perfusion MR imaging and delayed-enhancement imaging yielded sensitivity of 0.87, specificity of 0.89, and accuracy of 0.88, when compared with coronary angiography. The diagnostic accuracy of stress first-pass perfusion MR imaging and delayed-enhancement imaging was slightly better than that of stress and rest first-pass perfusion MR imaging in the entire population (0.88 vs 0.85), in group A (0.86 vs 0.82), and in group B (0.93 vs 0.90). CONCLUSION: Stress first-pass perfusion MR imaging followed by delayed-enhancement imaging is an accurate method to depict significant coronary stenosis in patients suspected of having or known to have CAD.

Ressonância magnética na avaliaçäo das artérias coronárias, perspectivas e estado da arte: angiografia coronária e avaliaçäo da parede arterial por ressonância magnética / Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of coronary arteries, state of the art and future role: coronary angiography and vesel wall evaluation by magnetic resonance imagin

A doença arterial coronária é a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Apesar das conhe-cidas limitações e de novos conceitos funcionais, a cineangiocoronariografia contrastada é ainda ométodo padräo-ouro na avaliaçäo da árvore coronária. Estudos de angiografia coronária por resso-nância magnética tiveram e ainda têm de contornar problemas técnicos de aquisiçäo e pós-processa-mento das imagens para aumentar sua confiabilidade diagnóstica.As primeiras tentativas apresentaram resultados limitados; entretanto, a introduçäo de técnicascom seqüências rápidas em apnéia (primeira geraçäo), do "navegador" (segunda geraçäo) e de abor-dagens mais recentes (espiral, "dark blood" e antenas paralelas) contribuiu para ampliar a acuráciadiagnóstica. Finalmente, a utilizaçäo de agente paramagnético (gadolínio) como contraste permitiumelhorar a qualidade das imagens.Suas principais aplicações clínicas säo: avaliações de anomalias congênitas, enxertos, e detecçäode obstruções nos segmentos proximal e médio das coronárias.Estudos da literatura relataram variados graus de sensibilidade e especificidade na avaliaçäo dasartérias coronárias. O luminograma, principal forma de quantificaçäo da lesäo coronária na atualidade,pode näo ser fidedigno na avaliaçäo da gravidade da doença aterosclerótica. Recentemente, a análiseda parede arterial por ressonância magnética mostrou diferenças significativas entre artérias de indi-víduos normais e pacientes com aterosclerose coronária, ampliando o espectro de informações sobrea doença. Em conclusäo, a evoluçäo da ressonância magnética tem permitido, de forma näo-invasiva,resultados cada vez mais animadores na avaliaçäo da árvore e da parede coronária, com grandeimpacto na detecçäo precoce, evolutiva, bem como no acompanhamento terapêutico da doença arte-rial coronária