Unveiling a differential metabolite modulation of sorghum varieties under increasing tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Plants trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathways to survive stresses, but the assistance of ER in plant tolerance still needs to be explored. Thus, we selected sensitive and tolerant contrasting abiotic stress sorghum varieties to test if they present a degree of tolerance to ER stress. Accordingly, this work evaluated crescent concentrations of tunicamycin (TM µg mL-1): control (0), lower (0.5), mild (1.5), and higher (2.5) on the initial establishment of sorghum seedlings CSF18 and CSF20. ER stress promoted growth and metabolism reductions, mainly in CSF18, from mild to higher TM. The lowest TM increased SbBiP and SbPDI chaperones, as well as SbbZIP60, and SbbIRE1 gene expressions, but mild and higher TM decreased it. However, CSF20 exhibited higher levels of SbBiP and SbbIRE1 transcripts. It corroborated different metabolic profiles among all TM treatments in CSF18 shoots and similarities between profiles of mild and higher TM in CSF18 roots. Conversely, TM profiles of both shoots and roots of CSF20 overlapped, although it was not complete under low TM treatment. Furthermore, ER stress induced an increase of carbohydrates (dihydroxyacetone in shoots, and cellobiose, maltose, ribose, and sucrose in roots), and organic acids (pyruvic acid in shoots, and butyric and succinic acids in roots) in CSF20, which exhibited a higher degree of ER stress tolerance compared to CSF18 with the root being the most affected plant tissue. Thus, our study provides new insights that may help to understand sorghum tolerance and the ER disturbance as significant contributor for stress adaptation and tolerance engineering.

Metabolomic exhibits different profiles and potential biomarkers of Vitis spp. co-cultivated with Fusarium oxysporum for short, medium, and long times.

Differential rootstock tolerance to Fusarium spp. supports viticulture worldwide. However, how plants stand against the fungus still needs to be explored. We hypothesize it involves a differential metabolite modulation. Thus, we performed a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Paulsen P1103 and BDMG573 rootstocks, co-cultured with Fusarium oxysporum (FUS) for short, medium, and long time (0, 4, and 8 days after treatment [DAT]). In shoots, principal component analysis (PCA) showed a complete overlap between BDMG573 non-co-cultivated and FUS at 0 DAT, and P1103 treatments showed a slight overlap at both 4 and 8 DAT. In roots, PCA exhibited overlapping between BDMG573 treatments at 0 DAT, while P1103 treatments showed overlapping at 0 and 4 DAT. Further, there is a complete overlapping between BDMG573 and P1103 FUS profiles at 8 DAT. In shoots, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone at 0 and 4 DAT and maltose at 4 and 8 DAT were biomarkers for BDMG573. For P1103, glyceric acid, proline, and sorbitol stood out at 0, 4, and 8 DAT, respectively. In BDMG573 roots, the biomarkers were ß-alanine at 0 DAT, cellobiose and sorbitol at both 4 and 8 DAT. While in P1103 roots, they were galactose at 0 and 4 DAT and 1,3-dihydroxyacetone at 8 DAT. Overall, there is an increase in amino acids, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid components in tolerant Paulsen P1103 shoots. Thus, it provides a new perspective on the primary metabolism of grapevine rootstocks to F. oxysporum that may contribute to strategies for genotype tolerance and early disease identification.

Metabolomic profiles exhibit the influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress on sorghum seedling growth over time.

Environmental stresses disturb the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding. However, primary metabolic responses induced by ER stress remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the morphophysiological and metabolomic changes under ER stress, induced by dithiothreitol (DTT) and tunicamycin (TM) treatments in sorghum seedlings from 24 to 96 h. The ER stress caused lipid peroxidation and increased the expression of SbBiP1, SbPDI, and SbIRE1. The development impairment was more pronounced in roots than in shoots as distinct metabolomic profiles were observed. DTT decreased root length, lateral roots, and root hair, while TM decreased mainly the root length. At 24 h, under ER stresses, the glutamic acid and o-acetyl-serine were biomarkers in the shoots. While homoserine, pyroglutamic acid, and phosphoric acid were candidates for roots. At the latest time (96 h), kestose and galactinol were key metabolites for shoots under DTT and TM, respectively. In roots, palatinose, trehalose, and alanine were common markers for DTT and TM late exposure. The accumulation of sugars such as arabinose and kestose occurred mainly in roots in the presence of DTT at a later time, which also inhibited glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Amino acid metabolism was induced, which also contributed TCA components decreasing, such as succinate in shoots and citrate in roots. Thus, our study may provide new insights into primary metabolism modulated by ER stress and seedling development.

Análise da qualidade da água do rio Jaguaribe, em um trecho situado no município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil / Analysis of the quality of Jaguaribe river water, in an area located in the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil

A água constitui-se um recurso natural essencial aos seres vivos presente em todos os processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, o que torna seu acesso indispensável às populações em geral. Diante disso, o presente estudo avaliou as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água proveniente do rio Jaguaribe, no trecho urbano do município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil, visando diagnosticar sua atual situação, e dispor de informações que contribuam para o monitoramento e garantia da sustentabilidade do recurso. A pesquisa foi realizada em um trecho do rio Jaguaribe, que percorre a zona urbana do município de Jaguaribe durante o período seco (Dezembro/2017) e chuvoso (Março/2018), sendo, portanto, dois pontos de coleta, um deles a montante e outro a jusante da cidade, nos bairros conhecidos como "Curralinho" e "Cruzeiro", respectivamente. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos de pH, temperatura, Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e cloreto e as variáveis microbiológicos tais como: Coliformes Totais, Fecais e Escherichia coli, todas as coletas foram realizadas em triplicatas. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram-se mais elevadas no período seco, porém seus resultados mostraram-se dentro dos valores médios verificados em outros trabalhos, salvo os da condutividade. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, não houve diferenças entre o período seco e chuvoso. Porém, em ambos foram encontrados, nos dois pontos de coleta, valores acima das médias estabelecidas pelo CONAMA. Diante dos resultados, constatamos que a contaminação do trecho não pode ser atribuída unicamente à cidade de Jaguaribe, comprovando que esta já chega à cidade com altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente por microrganismos (AU)

Water is an essential natural resource for living beings, present in all the biochemical and physiological processes, which makes its access indispensable to the populations in general. Therefore, the present study evaluated the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water from Jaguaribe River in the urban area of the city of Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brazil, in order to diagnose its current situation, and to have information that contribute to the monitoring and the guarantee of resource sustainability. the research was carried out on a stretch of the Jaguaribe River, which runs through the urban area of the municipality of Jaguaribe during the drought (December / 2017) and rainy season (March / 2018) constituting, therefore, two collection points, one of them upstream and another downstream of the city, in the neighborhoods of "Curralinho" and "Cruzeiro", respectively. The physicochemical parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride and microbiological variables such as: Total Coliforms, Fecal and Escherichia coli were analyzed, all collections were done in triplicates. The physical-chemical variables were higher during the drought season, but their results were within the mean values verified in other studies, except those of the conductivity. Regarding the microbiological parameters, there were no differences between the drought and rainy season. However, in both points of collection, values above the averages established by CONAMA were found. In view the results, we verified that the contamination the stretch can not attributed only to the city of Jaguaribe, proving that it already arrives to the city with high levels of contamination, mainly by microorganisms (AU)