Intestinal cell migration damage induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains.

Epithelial cell migration is an essential response to enteric pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of EPEC infection on intestinal epithelial cell migration in vitro, as well as the involvement of type III secretion system (T3SS) and Rho GTPases. Crypt intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were infected with EPEC strains (E2348/69, ΔescF, and the LDI001 strain isolated from a malnourished Brazilian child) and commensal E. coli HS. Wound migration and cell death assays were performed at different time-points. Transcription and expression of Rho GTPases were evaluated using real-time PCR and western blotting. Overall, EPEC E2348/69 reduced migration and increased apoptosis and necrosis levels compared to EPEC LDI001 and E. coli HS strains. Moreover, EPEC LDI001 impaired cell migration at a higher level than E. coli HS and increased necrosis after 24 hours compared to the control group. The different profiles of virulence genes between the two wild-type EPEC strains, characterized by the absence of espL and nleE genes in the LDI001, might explain the phenotypic results, playing significant roles on cell migration impairment and cell death-related events. Moreover, the type III secretion system is determinant for the inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell migration by EPEC 2348/69, as its deletion prevented the effect. Active Rac1 concentrations were increased in E2348/69 and LDI001-infected cells, while the T3SS-deficient strain did not demonstrate this activation. This study contributes with valuable insight to characterize the mechanisms involved in the impairment of intestinal cell migration induced by EPEC.

Correction to: Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review.

ERRATUM: The original article [1] mistakenly omits a grant acknowledgement; thus, the authors would like to acknowledge that the original article was supported by FAPESP 2015/20082-7.

The philometrid nematode Philometroides acreanensis n. sp. from the stomach wall of the catfish Pimelodus blochii in north-western Brazil.

A new nematode species, Philometroides acreanensis n. sp. (Philometridae), is described from female specimens recovered from the stomach wall of the freshwater catfish Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes (Pimelodidae) collected in the Acre River (Amazon River basin), Acre State, Brazil. Based on examination by light and scanning electron microscopy, the new species differs from the two other South American congeneric species mainly in the body length of the gravid female (240-280 mm), the length of the oesophagus (1.25 mm in holotype) representing 0.5% of the entire body length, the range of cuticular embossment, as well as the location in the host (stomach), order of the fish host (Siluriformes) and the geographical distribution (Amazon River drainage system). This is the third known species of Philometroides Yamaguti, 1935 reported from South America. A key to species of Philometroides occurring in the fish of America is provided.

Intestinal cell migration damage induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains

Epithelial cell migration is an essential response to enteric pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of EPEC infection on intestinal epithelial cell migration in vitro, as well as the involvement of type III secretion system (T3SS) and Rho GTPases. Crypt intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were infected with EPEC strains (E2348/69, ΔescF, and the LDI001 strain isolated from a malnourished Brazilian child) and commensal E. coli HS. Wound migration and cell death assays were performed at different time-points. Transcription and expression of Rho GTPases were evaluated using real-time PCR and western blotting. Overall, EPEC E2348/69 reduced migration and increased apoptosis and necrosis levels compared to EPEC LDI001 and E. coli HS strains. Moreover, EPEC LDI001 impaired cell migration at a higher level than E. coli HS and increased necrosis after 24 hours compared to the control group. The different profiles of virulence genes between the two wild-type EPEC strains, characterized by the absence of espL and nleE genes in the LDI001, might explain the phenotypic results, playing significant roles on cell migration impairment and cell death-related events. Moreover, the type III secretion system is determinant for the inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell migration by EPEC 2348/69, as its deletion prevented the effect. Active Rac1 concentrations were increased in E2348/69 and LDI001-infected cells, while the T3SS-deficient strain did not demonstrate this activation. This study contributes with valuable insight to characterize the mechanisms involved in the impairment of intestinal cell migration induced by EPEC.

Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model.

Undernutrition represents a major public health challenge for middle- and low-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate whether a multideficient Northeast Brazil regional basic diet (RBD) induces acute morphological and functional changes in the ileum of mice. Swiss mice (∼25 g) were allocated into two groups: i) control mice were fed a standard diet and II) undernourished mice were fed the RBD. After 7 days, mice were killed and the ileum collected for evaluation of electrophysiological parameters (Ussing chambers), transcription (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (western blotting) of intestinal transporters and tight junctions. Body weight gain was significantly decreased in the undernourished group, which also showed decreased crypt depth but no alterations in villus height. Electrophysiology measurements showed a reduced basal short circuit current (Isc) in the undernourished group, with no differences in transepithelial resistance. Specific substrate-evoked Isc related to affinity and efficacy (glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) were not different between groups, except for the maximum Isc (efficacy) induced by glucose. Transcription of Sglt1 and Pept1 was significantly higher in the undernourished group, while SN-2 transcription was decreased. No changes were found in transcription of CAT-1 and CFTR, while claudin-2 and occludin transcriptions were significantly increased in the undernourished group. Despite mRNA changes, SGLT-1, PEPT-1, claudin-2 and occludin protein expression showed no difference between groups. These results demonstrate early effects of the RBD on mice, which include reduced body weight and crypt depth in the absence of significant alterations to villus morphology, intestinal transporters and tight junction expression.

Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model

Undernutrition represents a major public health challenge for middle- and low-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate whether a multideficient Northeast Brazil regional basic diet (RBD) induces acute morphological and functional changes in the ileum of mice. Swiss mice (∼25 g) were allocated into two groups: i) control mice were fed a standard diet and II) undernourished mice were fed the RBD. After 7 days, mice were killed and the ileum collected for evaluation of electrophysiological parameters (Ussing chambers), transcription (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (western blotting) of intestinal transporters and tight junctions. Body weight gain was significantly decreased in the undernourished group, which also showed decreased crypt depth but no alterations in villus height. Electrophysiology measurements showed a reduced basal short circuit current (Isc) in the undernourished group, with no differences in transepithelial resistance. Specific substrate-evoked Isc related to affinity and efficacy (glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) were not different between groups, except for the maximum Isc (efficacy) induced by glucose. Transcription of Sglt1 and Pept1 was significantly higher in the undernourished group, while SN-2 transcription was decreased. No changes were found in transcription of CAT-1 and CFTR, while claudin-2 and occludin transcriptions were significantly increased in the undernourished group. Despite mRNA changes, SGLT-1, PEPT-1, claudin-2 and occludin protein expression showed no difference between groups. These results demonstrate early effects of the RBD on mice, which include reduced body weight and crypt depth in the absence of significant alterations to villus morphology, intestinal transporters and tight junction expression.

Cardiodepressive effect elicited by the essential oil of Alpinia speciosa is related to L-type Ca²+ current blockade.

This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of the essential oil from Alpinia speciosa (EOAs) on cardiac contractility and the underlying mechanisms. The essential oil was obtained from Alpinia speciosa leaves and flowers and the oil was analyzed by GC-MS method. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of at least 18 components. Terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole corresponded to 38% and 18% of the crude oil, respectively. The experiments were conducted on spontaneously-beating right atria and on electrically stimulated left atria isolated from adult rats. The effect of EOAs on the isometric contractions and cardiac frequency in vitro was examined. EOAs decreased rat left atrial force of contraction with an EC50 of 292.2±75.7 µg/ml. Nifedipine, a well known L-type Ca²+ blocker, inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner left atrial force of contraction with an EC50 of 12.1±3.5 µg/ml. Sinus rhythm was diminished by EOAs with an EC50 of 595.4±56.2 µg/ml. Whole-cell L-type Ca²+ currents were recorded by using the patch-clamp technique. EOAs at 25 µg/ml decreased I(Ca,L) by 32.6±9.2% and at 250 µg/ml it decreased by 89.3±7.4%. Thus, inhibition of L-type Ca²+ channels is involved in the cardiodepressive effect elicited by the essential oil of Alpinia speciosa in rat heart.

Subcutaneous hemangioma in association with ectopic pulmonar tissue in newborn bovine / Hemangioma subcutâneo associado a tecido ectópico pulmonar em bovino neonato

Congenital skin neoplasms are rare in cattle. However, when observed, hemangioma, a vascular benign tumor of origin, is worth mentioning. Its association with tissue of distinct embryologic origin resulting from ectopic processes is not commonly reported. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe a congenital hemangioma with the presence of pulmonary ectopic tissue in a calf. A male calf, mixed breed, with four hours of life, was received with a history of neoformation close to the anus. The patient underwent physical examination and surgery for the excision of the neoformation. The material obtained was sent for histopathological analysis. The tumor, located in the perianal region, was subcutaneous, and had 25 cm in diameter. The cutting area showed the existence of ectopic pulmonary tissue. Histopathological analysis was consistent with hemangioma associated with representative material representative of lung. Knowledge of such lesions becomes important as it contributes to the limited reports in the literature on congenital skin neoplasms in cattle, especially in regard to their clinical and pathological presentation. KEY-WORDS:     Hemangioma. Cattle. Ectopic tissue. Lung.

Na espécie bovina, as neoplasias cutâneas congênitas são raras. Todavia quando observadas, pode-se citar o hemangioma, um tumor benigno vascular. Sua associação com tecido de origem embriológica distinta, resultante de processos ectópicos, não são relatados comumente. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou a descrição de um hemangioma congênito com tecido pulmonar ectópico num bezerro. Um bovino, macho, sem raça definida, com quatro horas de vida, foi atendido com o histórico de neoformação próxima ao ânus. O paciente foi submetido a exame físico e cirurgia para a excisão de tal neoformação. O material obtido foi encaminhado para histopatologia. O tumor perianal era de abrangência subcutânea e possuía 25 cm de diâmetro. A superfície de corte demonstrava a existência de um tecido pulmonar ectópico. A análise histopatológica foi compatível com hemangioma associado à material pulmonar. O conhecimento de tais lesões torna-se importante, pois contribui com os reduzidos relatos na literatura sobre

SUBCUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMA IN ASSOCIATION WITH ECTOPIC PULMONAR TISSUE IN NEWBORN BOVINE. / HEMANGIOMA SUBCUTÂNEO ASSOCIADO A TECIDO ECTÓPICO PULMONAR EM BOVINO NEONATO.

      Congenital skin neoplasms are rare in cattle. However, when observed, hemangioma, a vascular benign tumor of origin, is worth mentioning. Its association with tissue of distinct embryologic origin resulting from ectopic processes is not commonly reported. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe a congenital hemangioma with the presence of pulmonary ectopic tissue in a calf. A male calf, mixed breed, with four hours of life, was received with a history of neoformation close to the anus. The patient underwent physical examination and surgery for the excision of the neoformation. The material obtained was sent for histopathological analysis. The tumor, located in the perianal region, was subcutaneous, and had 25 cm in diameter. The cutting area showed the existence of ectopic pulmonary tissue. Histopathological analysis was consistent with hemangioma associated with representative material representative of lung. Knowledge of such lesions becomes important as it contributes to the limited reports in the literature on congenital skin neoplasms in cattle, especially in regard to their clinical and pathological presentation. KEY-WORDS:     Hemangioma. Cattle. Ectopic tissue. Lung.

Na espécie bovina, as neoplasias cutâneas congênitas são raras. Todavia quando observadas, pode-se citar o hemangioma, um tumor benigno vascular. Sua associação com tecido de origem embriológica distinta, resultante de processos ectópicos, não são relatados comumente. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou a descrição de um hemangioma congênito com tecido pulmonar ectópico num bezerro. Um bovino, macho, sem raça definida, com quatro horas de vida, foi atendido com o histórico de neoformação próxima ao ânus. O paciente foi submetido a exame físico e cirurgia para a excisão de tal neoformação. O material obtido foi encaminhado para histopatologia. O tumor perianal era de abrangência subcutânea e possuía 25 cm de diâmetro. A superfície de corte demonstrava a existência de um tecido pulmonar ectópico. A análise histopatológica foi compatível com hemangioma associado à material pulmonar. O conhecimento de tais lesões torna-se importante, pois contribui com os reduzidos relatos na literatura sobre

SUBCUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMA IN ASSOCIATION WITH ECTOPIC PULMONAR TISSUE IN NEWBORN BOVINE. / HEMANGIOMA SUBCUTÂNEO ASSOCIADO A TECIDO ECTÓPICO PULMONAR EM BOVINO NEONATO.

      Congenital skin neoplasms are rare in cattle. However, when observed, hemangioma, a vascular benign tumor of origin, is worth mentioning. Its association with tissue of distinct embryologic origin resulting from ectopic processes is not commonly reported. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe a congenital hemangioma with the presence of pulmonary ectopic tissue in a calf. A male calf, mixed breed, with four hours of life, was received with a history of neoformation close to the anus. The patient underwent physical examination and surgery for the excision of the neoformation. The material obtained was sent for histopathological analysis. The tumor, located in the perianal region, was subcutaneous, and had 25 cm in diameter. The cutting area showed the existence of ectopic pulmonary tissue. Histopathological analysis was consistent with hemangioma associated with representative material representative of lung. Knowledge of such lesions becomes important as it contributes to the limited reports in the literature on congenital skin neoplasms in cattle, especially in regard to their clinical and pathological presentation. KEY-WORDS:     Hemangioma. Cattle. Ectopic tissue. Lung.

Na espécie bovina, as neoplasias cutâneas congênitas são raras. Todavia quando observadas, pode-se citar o hemangioma, um tumor benigno vascular. Sua associação com tecido de origem embriológica distinta, resultante de processos ectópicos, não são relatados comumente. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou a descrição de um hemangioma congênito com tecido pulmonar ectópico num bezerro. Um bovino, macho, sem raça definida, com quatro horas de vida, foi atendido com o histórico de neoformação próxima ao ânus. O paciente foi submetido a exame físico e cirurgia para a excisão de tal neoformação. O material obtido foi encaminhado para histopatologia. O tumor perianal era de abrangência subcutânea e possuía 25 cm de diâmetro. A superfície de corte demonstrava a existência de um tecido pulmonar ectópico. A análise histopatológica foi compatível com hemangioma associado à material pulmonar. O conhecimento de tais lesões torna-se importante, pois contribui com os reduzidos relatos na literatura sobre

Preliminary assessment of heavy metal levels in Mytella falcata (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from Bacanga River estuary, São Luís, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil.

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were determined in the mussel Mytella falcata from the Bacanga River estuary, in order to evaluate the potential role of domestic effluents released "in natura" on the quality of the estuarine environment with consequences to shellfish resources. Cu concentrations ranged from 5.2 mg.g-1 to 13.1 mg.g-1, while Zn concentrations ranged from 49.1 mg.g-1 to 76.3 mg.g-1. Pb and Cd showed concentrations lower than 2 mg.g-1. The results showed low concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cd in the filter-feeding Mytella falcata in the study area in comparison with the maximum values stablished to foods by the Brazilian Government (Decree Law No 55,871). Finally, Zn presented slightly higher values than the maximum ones stablished by the Brazilian government.

Hernia diafragmatica traumatica. / Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

Os AA. apresentam tres casos de hernia diafragmatica traumatica, atendidos em hospitais de urgencia em Fortaleza-Ce., salientando a importancia do diagnostico precoce, muitas vezes negligenciado, que e de suma importancia no tratamento deste padecimento. A facilidade com que pode ser realizado o reparo precoce contrasta com os problemas advindos da correcao tardia onde as visceras herniadas podem encontrar-se firmemente aderidas, alongando o tempo cirurgico em pacientes com serios problemas cardio-respiratorios. Os casos sao apresentados sob os aspectos da sintomatologia, conduta operatoria e resultados

Diverticulo de Zenker. / Zenker's diverticulum

Os autores fazem a apresentacao de 2 casos de diverticulo de Zenker. Enfantizam sua conduta cirurgica utilizando a endoscopia transoperatoria que facilita a disseccao do saco diverticular notadamente na presenca de peridiverticulite. Comentam acerca da fisiopatologia, quadro clinico e fazem uma analise critica dos procedimentos cirurgicos utilizados

Retalho miocutaneo peitoral maior na cirurgia reparadora do cancer da cabeca e pescoco. / Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in the reconstructive surgery of head and neck neoplasms

Os autores apresentam sua experiencia com o retalho miocutaneo peitoral maior na cirurgia reparadora do cancer da regiao da cabeca e pescoco. Mostram em detalhes a tecnica e tatica cirurgica e apresentam uma modificacao na qual o retalho e passado por baixo da clavicula