Evaluation of the Auditory System in Autistic Children Using Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions and a Contralateral Suppression Test.

In this study, we evaluated the cochlea, medial olivocochlear system, and brainstem function in autistic children using evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and a noninvasive contralateral suppression (CLS) test. In total, we included 21 autistic children with normal hearing (study group) and 11 healthy children (control group). Transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) and CLS of TEOAE were evaluated in the left and right ears of all patients. In a silent room, spontaneous, transient, and dP ILO292 were evaluated. The mean age of the study and control group was 9.1 years (range: 6-13 and 6-12 years, respectively). For the study group, there was no statistically significant difference between the OAE and CLS values of the right ear (P > .05). However, for the left ears, OAE values were statistically significantly higher than the CLS values (P < .05). In the control group, the OAE values of both ears were statistically significantly higher than the CLS values (P < .05). In autistic children with normal hearing, the medial olivocochlear system functions more effectively in the right ear than the left ear. Asymmetry between the ears is likely responsible for the peripheral auditory lateralization and independence in auditory function between the left and right ears.

Effects of polymeric zinc propylen-bis-dithiocarbamate (propineb) on nasal mucosa in rats / Efectos de los polímeros del zinc propileno-bis-ditiocarbamato (propineb) en la mucosa nasal de ratas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathologic and immunohistochemical effects of propineb on rat nasal mucosa. Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180­220 g, were used as experimental animals. The rats were divided into propineb and control groups. The control group received distilled water with spray at the same time period. The experiment was terminated after three weeks. In each case, sections of the nosewere taken. In experimental group, microscopic examination of nasal respiratory mucosa revealed that degenerative changes in epithelium were observed in sections of propineb-treated group. There were also leukocyte infiltration and vascular dilatation detected in the connective tissue.We detected CD34-immunoreactive mononuclear cells and endothel cells in the lamina propria of propineb group. In propineb group compared to the control group, the respiratory epithelium, goblet and basal cell nuclei were stained positive for PCNA. Propineb inhalation may be irritating to the nasal mucosa.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efecto histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímicos del Propineb en la mucosa nasal de 20 ratas Sprague-Dawley adultas con un peso de 180-220 g, las que fueron utilizadas como animales de experimentación. Las ratas se dividieron en grupos Propineb y Control. El grupo control recibió agua destilada en aerosol nasal en el mismo período de tiempo que el grupo Propineb. El experimento duró tres semanas. Posteriormente, en cada caso se tomaron muestras de la mucosa nasal. En el grupo experimental, tratado con Propineb, el examen microscópico de la mucosa respiratoria nasal reveló cambios degenerativos en el epitelio. Se detectó también infiltración de leucocitos y dilatación vascular en el tejido conectivo, junto con células mononucleares CD34 inmunorreactiva y células endoteliales en la lámina propia. En el grupo Propineb, en comparación con el grupo control, los núcleos de la porción respiratoria, las células caliciformes y basales resultaron positivas a la tinción del antígeno nuclear de proliferación celular (PCNA). La inhalación de Propineb puede ser un irritante para la mucosa nasal.

Aesthetic and Functional Results of Lateral Crural Repositioning.

IMPORTANCE: Thin or cephalically malpositioned lateral crura cause nasal obstruction by depressing nasal valves and decrease patient satisfaction with rhinoplasty as a result of nostril asymmetry and alar collapse. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the aesthetic and functional efficacy of lateral crural repositioning with lateral strut grafting in patients with cephalic malposition of the lateral crura undergoing primary septorhinoplasty. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We prospectively selected 80 patients with lateral crural malposition who underwent primary septorhinoplasty performed by the same surgeon from December 1, 2013, through May 30, 2014. The surgeon measured the angle between the lateral crura and midline intraoperatively with a goniometer to confirm malposition (angle, ≤30°). Data analysis was performed from March 13 to 23, 2015. INTERVENTION: All the patients underwent primary rhinoplasty with the open approach. Lateral crural repositioning with lateral crural strut graft was used in all selected patients. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Preoperative and 6- and approximately 12-month postoperative scores on the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale (range, 0-20; decreased scores indicate improved functional results) and the Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire (range, 0-24; increased scores indicate improved aesthetic results). RESULTS: Seventy-five of 80 patients were confirmed to have cephalic malposition intraoperatively. Four patients were excluded owing to selection of different surgical techniques, leaving 71 patients for analysis. The mean (SD) and median postoperative NOSE scores at 6 months (3.18 [3.12] and 2.0) and 12 months (0.39 [1.07] and 0) showed significant improvement compared with the preoperative scores (6.96 [5.10] and 7.0) (P < .01 for each comparison). The mean (SD) and median postoperative ROE scores also showed significant improvement at 6 months (21.06 [3.82] and 23.0) and 12 months (23.12 [2.09] and 24.0) compared with preoperative scores (7.03 [3.70] and 6.0) (P = .001). However, the changes from preoperative to 12-month postoperative scores (mean [SD] and median) were not significantly different between patients with normal (NOSE scores, 8.41 [4.59] and 90 to 0.28 [0.79] and 0, respectively; ROE scores, 6.97 [3.24] and 6.0 to 23.31 [1.91] and 24.0, respectively) and thin (NOSE score, 6.59 [5.09] and 8.0 to 0.11 [0.33] and 0, respectively; ROE scores, 7.76 [3.82] and 7.0 to 23.29 [1.72] and 24.0, respectively) skin types and those with thick skin types (NOSE scores, 5.52 [5.42] and 4.0 to 0.72 [1.54] and 0, respectively; ROE scores, 6.60 [4.16] and 6.0 to 22.80 [2.53] and 24.0, respectively) (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Lateral crural repositioning is a useful and versatile technique to achieve successful functional and aesthetic results in a 1-year follow-up. We detected no significant difference by skin type in improvement of nasal function and aesthetic satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Aging as the Impact Factor on Septoplasty Success.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to discuss the impact of aging on septoplasty success. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This prospective case control study was conducted at the Umraniye Education and Research Hospital. METHODS: Our study group consists of 23 patients older than 60-year-old who have septal deviation and have previously been postponed for this surgery due to various reasons. Twenty-six patients under 40-year-old are randomly chosen as the control group who were running to septoplasty. Postoperative Glasgow Benefit Inventory Index, preoperative and postoperative NOSE score, and nasal mucociliary clearance time (MCCt) were noted for both the groups. All collected data were compared between the groups. RESULTS: In both the groups, postoperative NOSE scores decreased significantly compared to preoperative values (P < 0.01). This decrease was not significantly different between the groups. In both the groups, a significant decrease was noted in nasal MCCt with surgery (P = 0.004). However, this difference between two groups was not statistically significant. In addition, the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) index of control group was notably higher than the study group and this was statistically significant (P = 0.027). Also, the decrease of NOSE scores was conversely related to high GBI indexes and this is statistically significant (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: For many surgical procedures, aging is considered as one of the important prognostic factors on success. To date no study in the literature discussed this relationship between aging and the success of septoplasty. At this point, our results showed that septoplasty is a successfully performed procedure in all ages. But, satisfaction of patients is statistically decreasing with aging.

Effects of Nicotine on the Submandibular Gland in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histopathologic and immunohistochemical effects of systemic use of nicotine on the submandibular glands. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated the effects of nicotine on apoptosis and angiogenesis. Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups: nicotine (n = 10) and controls (n = 10). The rats of the nicotine group were administered 2 mg/kg nicotine sulphate for 28 days. All animals were sacrified at the end of the study, and submandibular samples were removed and prepared for histologic examination. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Bcl-2 antibodies were used for immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS: In the group treated with nicotine, we observed degeneration in serous cells and striated duct cells, dilation and hemorrhage of blood vessels in the stromal area, and an increase of fibrous tissue and edema. An increase was observed in the number of PCNA-positive cells as compared to in the controls. VEGF expression was found to be positive in vascular endothelial cells and inflammatory cells around the excretory ducts in the stromal area. The duct cells are immunoreactive to Bcl-2 antibody. Apoptosis was observed in some cells of the serous glands and ducts. CONCLUSION: Nicotine administration in this study induced apoptosis with salivary gland cell proliferation and is thought to have affected angiogenesis.

Relation of mean platelet volume with obstructive adenoid hypertrophy in children.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common etiology of chronic upper airway obstruction. Upper respiratory tract obstruction may cause chronic alveolar hypoventilation and pulmonary vasoconstriction. In one previous study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it has been claimed that mean platelet volume (MPV), an indicator of platelet activation is increased and that MPV has an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in our study if MPV can be used as an indicator of obstruction due to adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS: Our study includes 61 children that underwent adenoidectomy with a mean age of 7.12 (± 2.373). White blood cell, platelet count, MPV, platelet crit and platelet distribution width levels were measured before and 3 months after adenoidectomy. Children's symptoms for upper airway obstruction (UAO) (presence of snoring, mouth breathing or difficulty in breathing during sleep, obstructive breathing or apnea during sleep) were questioned in the preoperative and postoperative period by a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean values of MPV, hemoglobin, platelet count (p > 0.05). White blood cell levels were significantly higher in the preoperative period values compared with postoperative period values (p < 0.05). Preoperative UAO scores were significantly higher than the postoperative UAO scores. After stratification of the degree of obstruction (as mild, moderate and severe) there was no significant difference in between groups in terms of MPV values. CONCLUSION: There was no significant relation between MPV levels and obstructive adenoid hypertrophy.

Classic Mediterranean type of epiglottic Kaposi sarcoma.

Kaposi sarcoma is a malignant, multifocal, vascular, and low-grade tumor that mostly occurs in mucocutaneous sites. Kaposi sarcoma is usually associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and involves lymphatic nodes and visceral organs. In this report, an 81-year-old man with epiglottic Kaposi sarcoma who screened negative for human immunodeficiency virus is presented.

Nasal obstruction and unilateral chronic otitis media: evaluation by acoustic rhinometry.

OBJECTIVES: In a prospective study at Umraniye Research and Education Hospital, we aimed to evaluate the differences in acoustic rhinometric findings between the affected and nonaffected sides in patients with unilateral chronic otitis media (COM) and to investigate whether unilateral COM correlates with the side of nasal obstruction. METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive patients with unilateral COM were involved in this study. All patients were evaluated with acoustic rhinometry, the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, and measurement of their nasal mucociliary transport time. RESULTS: The mean cross-sectional area 1, mean cross-sectional area 2, volume 1, and volume 2 values were not different between the affected and nonaffected sides (p > 0.05). The NOSE score had a reverse correlation with the mean cross-sectional area 2 (p < 0.05) and volume 2 (p < 0.01) of the affected side. Saccharin time was not correlated with the acoustic rhinometric values of the affected side (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the hypothesis that unilateral COM is correlated with the side of nasal obstruction.