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1.
Rev. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr.) ; 67(4): 217-222, jul.-ago. 2011. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-101710

RESUMO

El número de pacientes adultos con cardiopatías congénitas ha sido progresivamente en aumento. La incidencia actual de cardiopatías congénitas al nacimiento es del orden de 8 a 10 casos por cada 1.000 nacimientos, con una prevalencia en un país como España de alrededor de 160.000 cardiopatías congénitas en la edad adulta. Si excluimos cardiopatías simples, el resto de las cardiopatías seguramente van a necesitar algún tipo de cuidado durante la edad adulta, debido a la presencia de lesiones residuales significativas, recidivas, daños derivados de la cirugía reparadora, u otro tipo de lesiones secundarias a las técnicas empleadas para la corrección. Por otra parte, un número no despreciable de pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas alcanzan la edad adulta sin haber sido intervenidos en la infancia, debido a la baja o moderada severidad de sus lesiones. Al hablar de cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto hemos de diferenciar varios grupos: 1)Pacientes que nunca han sido sometidos a una intervención; “) Pacientes que en la infancia fueron sometidos a cirugías teóricamente correctoras; 3)Pacientes que fueron sometidos a procedimientos paliativos, ya sean intervencionistas o quirúrgicos; y por último, 4) Pacientes que teóricamente curados de su patología congénita tras haber sido sometidos a diferentes procedimientos, presentan en su edad adulta una nueva patología asociada de origen adquirido ya sea enfermedad coronaria o valvular. En esta revisión pretendemos hacer un breve recorrido sobre la problemática en el tratamiento de estos pacientes, la necesidad de su valoración por parte de equipos multidisciplinarios así como analizar las diferentes peculiaridades que cada grupo de enfermos presenta (AU)


The number of adult patients with congenital heart diseases has been progressively increasing. The current incidence of congenital heart diseases at birth is about 8 to 10 cases per 1000 births, with a prevalence in a country such as Spain of about 160,000 congenital heart diseases in the adult age. If we exclude simple heart diseases, the remaining heart diseases will surely need some type of care during the adult age, due to the presence of significant residual lesions, recurrences, harm derived from the repair surgery, or another type of lesion secondary to the techniques used for eh correction. On the other hand, as important number of patients with congenital heart disease reach the adult age without having undergone any intervention in childhood due to the low or moderate severity of their lesions. When speaking of congenital heart disease in the adult, several groups must be differentiated: 1) Patients who have never undergone an intervention; 2) Patients who during childhood underwent theoretically corrective surgeries; 3) Patient who were subjected to palliative procedures, either interventionist or surgical; and 4) Patients who were theoretically cured of their congenital disease after having undergone different procedures and who in the adult age present a new pathology associated with acquired origin, whether coronary disease or valvular disease. In this review, we aim to make a brief review of the problems in the treatment of these patients, the need for their evaluation by multidisciplinary teams and to analyze the different characteristics that each group of patients have (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Progressão da Doença , Fatores de Risco
2.
Rev. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr.) ; 63(6): 500-503, nov.-dic. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-60212

RESUMO

El flutter auricular (AA) es una arritmia poco común en la infancia. Aun así, si es diagnosticada en la época fetal o neonatal, debe conducir a una rápida actuación terapéutica dada su potencial morbilidad y mortalidad. La prevalencia de arritmias malignas en el feto es muy baja (aproximadamente 1/5.000 gestaciones) y entre las taquiarritmias, el flutter auricular representa el 25-30% de éstas. La morbimortalidad causada por esta entidad no es despreciable. El hidrops a causa de la insuficiencia cardíaca y como consecuencia, el daño neurológico no es infrecuente. Sin embargo, el pronóstico a largo plazo es bueno dado que casi ningún paciente presenta recurrencias. Aportamos dos casos acontecidos en dos hospitales de nuestra red entre noviembre de 1998 y julio de 2005. En ambos, una rápida actuación obstétrica, pediátrica y cardiológica, lograron una total recuperación. La cardioversión eléctrica fue exitosa en los dos, no se produjeron complicaciones y ninguno sufrió recurrencias (AU)


A trial Flutter (AA) is an uncommon arrhythmia in childhood. Eve so, if it is diagnosed in foetal or neonatal age, it forces to a rapid therapeutic action because its potential morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of malignant arrhythmias in fetuses is very small – aprox 1/5.000 gestations-, and among tachyarrhythmia’s the atrial flutter represents 25-30% (1-3). The morbidity/mortality that is caused by this entity in perinatal age is not worthless. Hydrops form intrauterine cardiac failure secondary to arrhythmia and, as a result of that, the neurological damage is not unusual. However there is a good long-term prognosis because hardly anyone patients has recurrences of this arrhythmia. The reason of this report is to contribute with two cases, detected between November of 19998 and July of 2005 in two maternity-paediatrics hospitals. In both, a rapid obstetrician, paediatrician and cardiologist actuation achieved a total and lasting recuperation. Electrocardioversion was successful in two newborn; there were not complications and they had not recurrences (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Flutter Atrial/embriologia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Flutter Atrial/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade
3.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 62(8): 313-324, sept. 2004. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-35475

RESUMO

Introducción: Previamente al inicio de la intervención quirúrgica, los pacientes con estenosis aórtica grave fallecían de manera precoz. En la década de los ochenta, se introduce el tratamiento no quirúrgico: la valvuloplastia percutánea. En general, la valvuloplastia aórtica con balón reduce el gradiente un 60 por ciento desde valores previos, sin incremento importante de la insuficiencia aórtica. Pocos estudios consiguen reunir en un mismo trabajo un número importante de casos y un seguimiento a largo plazo (15 años) para establecer variables pronósticas. Objetivos: Valorar los resultados inmediatos obtenidos mediante la valvuloplastia aórtica con balón en un grupo de edad pediátrica; la evolución ecocardiográfica a largo plazo, identificando variables pronósticas dela evolución; e identificar el grado de concordancia entre los estudios hemodinámicos y ecocardiográficos. Pacientes y métodos: Analizamos los resultados obtenidos en 75 procedimientos realizados en una población compuesta por 55 varones y 20: mujeres (2,75:1): con edades comprendidas entre 2,8 y 210 meses (90,93 ñ 64,25 meses). Se excluyó el grupo neonatal por tener una entidad propia diferencial. Se estudiaron e intervinieron todos ellos en el Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica del Hospital "Ramón y Cajal" de Madrid, entre julio de 1986 y junio de 2001. El tiempo de seguimiento varió entre 0 y 180 meses (41,10 ñ 32,96 meses). Resultados: Los efectos inmediatos observados mediante estudio ecocardiográfico fueron un descenso significativo en el gradiente Doppler máximo (de 83,67 a 48,59 mmHg, p <0,0001) y en el gradiente Doppler medio (de 43,49 a 32,18 mmHg, p <0,0014), con incremento de la insuficiencia aórtica por encima de dos grados en sólo un 8 por ciento de los casos. Los estudios hemodinámicos, por su parte, reflejaron un descenso significativo de la presión sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo (de 153,89 a 123,90 mmHg, p <0,0001) y de la telediastólica (de 13,30 a 11,70 mmHg, p 4,039), con un aumento significativo también de las presiones aórticas sistólica, diastólica y media. El gradiente pico hemodinámico descendió de 71,93 a 30,37 mmHg, p <0,0001. La insuficiencia aórtica sólo se incrementó de manera significativa en un 5,3 por ciento. Durante el seguimiento ecocardiográfico, se demostró un aumento significativo del tamaño telediastólico del ventrículo izquierdo (VIDD), así como una reducción del gradiente Doppler máximo y medio. Las comparaciones entre los resultados ecocardiográficos y hemodinámicos fueron perfectamente equiparables en la valoración del tamaño del anillo aórtico y en la reducción del gradiente, pero no en el estudio del gradiente transvalvular. El análisis de supervivencia libre de intervención sobre la válvula fue del 90,88 por ciento a los 12 meses y del 78,65 por ciento a los 63 meses. El análisis de riesgos proporcionales mostró que el gradiente posvalvuloplastia resultante de la intervención se manifestaba como un factor pronóstico de posteriores intervenciones sobre la válvula. Conclusiones: La valvuloplastia aórtica con balón es un procedimiento efectivo tanto inmediatamente después de la intervención como a largo plazo, manteniéndose los resultados durante el tiempo de seguimiento. El porcentaje de éxito inicial se cifra en un 70 por ciento y, en la evolución, más del 90 por ciento de los niños queda libre de reintervención sobre la válvula a los 12 meses y casi un 80 por ciento a los 5 años. El gradiente posvalvuloplastia puede ser un buen factor pronóstico de futuras reintervenciones necesarias sobre la válvula. Las complicaciones obtenidas con este procedimiento han sido escasas, con tendencia a disminuir con la mayor experiencia técnica de los grupos y la mejor elección de los catéteres (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Lactente , Masculino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico , Cateterismo/métodos , Aorta/cirurgia , Aorta/patologia , Aorta , Doenças da Aorta/cirurgia , Doenças da Aorta/patologia , Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico , Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção/métodos , Radiologia Intervencionista/métodos , Angiografia/métodos
4.
Pediatr Cardiol ; 21(5): 422-8, 2000.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10982699

RESUMO

The normal fetal flow velocity profile across the atrioventricular valves is characterized by an early peak (E), which is related to preload and to active ventricular muscle relaxation, and a higher late peak (A), which is caused by the atrial contraction and also influenced by ventricular compliance. The purpose of this study was to determine how these two elements of ventricular filling change during gestation in both ventricles. A total of 485 normal fetuses from 17 weeks to term were examined by Doppler echocardiography. We measured E and A peak velocities and E/A ratio for both mitral and tricuspid valves. Simple regression analysis was applied to assess possible correlation between Doppler variables and gestational age. Moreover, E and A peak velocities were compared using paired Student's t-test. With the advance of gestation a significant linear increase in the E wave and E/A ratio was found for both mitral and tricuspid valves. The A wave shows little change throughout pregnancy. We found significantly higher Doppler velocities for the tricuspid valve than for the mitral valve. The relationship between the E/A ratios for the two valves and gestational age diverge slightly, with higher values for the mitral E/A ratio. This study shows that the A wave velocity remains constant throughout gestation, suggesting little or no change in ventricular compliance. The E wave is mainly responsible for the change in E/A ratio for both atrioventricular valves during gestation. These findings suggest progressive enhancement of relaxation and elastic recoil, an increase in preload, or both, throughout gestation, rather than a change in myocardial compliance as an explanation for the observed increase in the E/A ratio.


Assuntos
Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo , Coração Fetal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ventrículos do Coração/embriologia , Valva Mitral/embriologia , Valva Tricúspide/embriologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ecocardiografia Doppler de Pulso , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contração Miocárdica , Gravidez , Análise de Regressão
6.
An Esp Pediatr ; 44(5): 475-81, 1996 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8796960

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Fetal cardiac growth was studied by two-dimensional echocardiography. The size of various cardiac structures were compared with gestational age. Normal values for each measurement were determined, with special attention being paid to the differences between the right and left chambers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety human fetuses with a gestational ages between 17 and 39 weeks were studied. Any structural abnormality was excluded at prenatal and postnatal examination. Aortic, pulmonary artery, tricuspid and mitral valve annulus diameters were measured with classical echocardiographic views. These variables were compared between them and plotted against gestational age. The correlations were determined by Student's T-test and regression analysis using 95% confidence limits. RESULTS: A good correlation (r > 0,7) between all the measurements and gestational age was obtained. In absolute values, tricuspid and pulmonary artery valve diameters were significantly greater (p < 0,01) than mitral and aortic valve diameters, respectively. Nevertheless, the diastolic diameter of the left ventricle (LV) was slightly greater than the diastolic diameter of the right ventricle (RV). Separating the data of the second trimester from of those of the third, the initial dominance of LV (RV/LV ratio = 0,93) tends to disappear and a slight dominance of RV (RV/LV ratio = 1,03) was observed at term. CONCLUSION: This study establishes normal values based on two-dimensional echocardiographic cardiac measurements throughout gestational stages. The data obtained will be very useful for the prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of certain cardiopathies like the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The relative dominance of RV in utero was also demonstrated. The different morphology of both ventricular outflow tracts and their volume changes throughout gestation, secondary to placental resistance variation, could justify the changes in the RV/LV ratio during the intrauterine period.


Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Coração Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Coração Fetal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intervalos de Confiança , Ecocardiografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Valores de Referência
7.
Rev Esp Cardiol ; 48(8): 537-41, 1995 Aug.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7644807

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Aneurysm of the atrial septum at the level of the foramen ovale is reported commonly at the routine fetal echocardiographic examination. Cases with entire involvement of the atrial septum have been exceptionally reported. We described the data concerning the prenatal detection of a total redundancy of the atrial septum in 6 cases without congenital heart disease. METHODS: The gestational age was between 28 and 38 weeks, and none of the fetuses had evidence of heart defect. A routine fetal echocardiography was made in all the cases. Rhythm disturbances were studied by M mode. During the first three months of life, a cardiologic control was made in all the cases. RESULTS: The large displacement of the atrial septum towards the left atrium was clearly visualized in four-chambers view; by using Pulsed Doppler and Color flow mapping, the pulmonary venous return and mitral orifice flow were not impaired. Premature atrial beats were found in two fetuses and no hemodynamic disfunction was observed in all entire study group. Postnatal echocardiographic control was normal in all patients. The atrial septum becomes completely rectified with normal patency of the foramen ovale membrane in the newborn studies. The supraventricular extrasystoles were confirmed in the neonatal period. In both, the arrhythmia disappeared in a few days after delivery without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the benign follow-up in our cases, the unexpected presence of an extremely redundant atrial septum, leads to a close prenatal attention particularly in the presence of rhythm disturbance. The pathologic substrate of this anomaly might be an intrinsic alteration of the myocardial structure of the septum like seems demonstrated in the aneurysm circumscribed to area of the fossa ovalis [correction of fosa ovale]. The increase in the left atrial pressure after birth will produce a normal 2-D echo patterns in the newborn period.


Assuntos
Doenças Fetais/diagnóstico por imagem , Coração Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Aneurisma Cardíaco/diagnóstico por imagem , Septos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Arritmias Cardíacas/congênito , Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagem , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Feminino , Seguimentos , Idade Gestacional , Aneurisma Cardíaco/congênito , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Remissão Espontânea
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