Continuous Incisional Lidocaine in Pediatric Patients following Open Heart Surgery.

Continuous incisional lidocaine infusion has been proposed as an adjunctive therapy in the management of postoperative pain in adult patients. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a continuous subcutaneous lidocaine infusion in pediatric patients following open heart surgery. All patients receiving a subcutaneous lidocaine infusion in median sternotomy incisions after open heart surgery during 2 consecutive years were included in the study. A historical cohort of patients was used as a control group. Demographic variables (age, size, and surgical procedure), variables related to sedation and analgesia (COMFORT and analgesia scales, drug doses, and duration), and complications were registered. 106 patients in the lidocaine infusion group and 79 patients in the control group were included. Incisional analgesia was effective for the treatment of pain as it reduced the dose and duration of intravenous fentanyl (odds ratio (OR) 6.26, confidence interval (CI) 95%: 2.48-15.97, p = 0.001; OR 4.30, CI 95%: 2.09-8.84, p = 0.001, respectively). The reduction in fentanyl use was more important in children over two years of age. Adverse effects were seen in three children (2.8%): they all had decreased level of consciousness, and one of them presented seizures as well. Two of these three patients had lidocaine levels over 2 mcg/ml. A continuous lidocaine incisional infusion is effective for the treatment of pain after open heart surgery. This procedure reduced intravenous analgesic drug requirements in pediatric patients undergoing a median sternotomy incision. Although the incidence of secondary effects is low, monitoring of neurologic status and lidocaine blood levels are recommended in all patients.

[Renal biopsy through a retroperitoneoscopic approach: our experience in 53 pediatric patients]. / Biopsia renal por abordaje retroperitoneoscópico: nuestra experiencia en 53 pacientes pediátricos.

OBJECTIVES: The retroperitoneoscopic approach enables adequate vision of the renal fossa and retroperitoneal structures. Our objective is to support the performance of renal biopsies through a retroperitoneoscopic approach in those pediatric surgery departments still doing open biopsies. METHODS: We performed 53 renal biopsies through a retroperitoneoscopic approach. Twenty-eight patients were males and 25 females, with ages between 13 months and 19 years (mean age range 4 years). The biopsies were indicated after the following diagnosis: nephrotic syndrome (n = 20), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (n = 3), hematuria (n = 15), idiopathic purpura (n = 2), proteinuria (n = 13). Ten patients were in renal failure. We performed our technique of retroperitoneoscopic approach in all cases. RESULTS: Adequate exposure of the kidney was achieved in all cases, and the biopsy sample gave a pathologic diagnosis after immunohistochemical and morphologic studies. One case was converted to open surgery due to bleeding from the kidney. In 51 cases the estimated blood loss was lower than 20 cc. No drainage was necessary after surgery. Mean hospital stay was 48 hours for the first 20 cases and between 24-36 hours for the remainder. CONCLUSIONS: The Retroperitoneoscopic renal biopsy is an adequate procedure for the pediatric patients and represents a real alternative to open biopsy, and in cases of contraindication for ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy, because: 1. It offers an excellent exposure of the kidney. 2. It obtains a kidney sample enough for the study. 3. The morbidity associated with the procedure is minimal. 4. Diminishes the hospital stay and shortens the time to return back to normal life.

Biopsia renal por abordaje retroperitoneoscópico: nuestra experiencia en 53 pacientes pediátricos / No disponible

OBJETIVO: El abordaje retroperitoneoscó- pico posibilita una adecuada visualización de la fosa renal y de las estructuras retroperitoneales. Planteamos como objetivo la realización de biopsia renal por retroperitoneoscopia en aquellos Servicios de Cirugía Pediátrica en los que se realiza por cirugía convencional. MÉTODOS: Hemos realizado 53 biopsias renales por abordaje retroperitoneoscopico Se realizaron en 28 varones y 25 mujeres, de edades entre los 13 meses y 19 años ( rango medio de edad de 4 años). Los diagnósticos por los que sé biopsió fueron: Síndrome nefrótico (n=20); Síndrome hemolítico-urémico(n=3); Hematuria (n=15); Purpura idiopàtica (2 ); proteinuría (n=13), de estos pacientes, 10 estaban en insuficiencia renal. En todos los casos el abordaje retroperitoneoscópico se realizó según nuestra técnica. RESULTADOS: En todos los casos la exposición del riñón fue adecuada y la toma de biopsia concluyente con un diagnóstico anatomopatológico, realizándose pruebas de immunohistoquímica y estudio morfológico de la muestra. Se reconvirtió 1 caso por sangrado del lecho renal. En 51 casos el sangrado del procedimiento no alcanzó los 20 cc. No se precisó drenaje postoperatorio. La estancia media fue en los primeras 20 casos de 48 horas y en el resto de 24 a 36 horas. CONCLUSIONES: La biopsia renal retroperitoneoscópica es adecuada para la edad pediátrica siendo una alternativa real de la cirugía abierta y en las situaciones de contraindicación de la biopsia percutánea ecodirigida por: 1. Excelente exposición del riñón. 2. Adecuada cantidad de tejido renal para estudio. 3. Mínima morbilidad intra y postoperatoria. 4. Disminución de estancias hospitalarias con incorporación precoz a la vida cotidiana (AU)

OBJECTIVES: The retroperitoneoscopic approach enables adequate vision of the renal fossa and retroperitoneal structures. Our objective is to support the performance of renal biopsies through a retroperito- neoscopic approach in those pediatric surgery departments still doing open biopsies. METHODS: We performed 53 renal biopsies through a retroperitoneoscopic approach. Twenty-eight patients were males and 25 females, with ages between 13 months and 19 years (mean age range 4 years). The biopsies were indicated after the following diagnosis: nephrotic syndrome (n = 20), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (n = 3), hematuria (n = 15), idiopathic purpura (n = 2), proteinuria (n = 13). Ten patients were in renal failure. We performed our technique of retroperitoneoscopic approach in all cases. RESULTS: Adequate exposure of the kidney was achieved in all cases, and the biopsy sample gave a pathologic diagnosis after immunohistochemical and morphologic studies. One case was converted to open surgery due to bleeding from the kidney. In 51 cases the estimated blood loss was lower than 20 cc. No drainage was necessary after surgery. Mean hospital stay was 48 hours for the first 20 cases and between 24-36 hours for the remainder. CONCLUSIONS: The Retroperitoneoscopic renal biopsy is an adequate procedure for the pediatric patients and represents a real alternative to open biopsy, and in cases of contraindication for ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy, because: 1. It offers an excellent exposure of the kidney. 2. It obtains a kidney sample enough for the study. 3. The morbidity associated with the procedure is minimal. 4. Diminishes the hospital stay and shortens the time to return back to normal life (AU)