Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury in Medical Patients: A Nested Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Research about the risk factors associated with community-acquired acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) in acute medical diseases is scarce. Data extrapolation from surgical to medical illnesses is questionable. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate potential risk factors and hospital outcomes associated with a CA-AKI in medical illnesses. METHODS: We performed an unmatched nested case-control study from a previous prospective cohort study. We included adult patients with acute illnesses treated with internal medicine. Cases were defined as patients with a CA-AKI diagnosis upon hospital admission, and controls included patients from the same cohort who did not develop AKI during the first 5 days of hospitalisation. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between potential risk factors and -CA-AKI. RESULTS: A total of 868 patients were included in the study (223 cases and 645 controls). The median age was 65 years (interquartile range 50-78). In a logistic regression model, the risk factors associated with CA-AKI included chronic kidney disease (CKD; OR 6.27; 95% CI 2.95-13.3, p < 0.001), ≥65 years old (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.16-2.57, p = 0.007), acute bacterial infection (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.36-2.80, p < 0.001), hypovolaemia (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.32-2.69, p < 0.001), pre-hospital nephrotoxic drugs (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.23-2.55, p = 0.002), anaemia (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.03-2.14, p = 0.031) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) <107 mm Hg (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.38-3.67, p = 0.001). A significant interaction between CKD and age was found (p = 0.017) and included in the model (patients with CKD and ≥65 years old [OR 10.85; 95% CI 4.14-28.41, p < 0.001]). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model was 0.743. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is strongly associated with CA-AKI upon hospital admission in medical illnesses patients. Older age enhances the risk of CA-AKI in patients with CKD. Other risk factors include pre-hospital nephrotoxic drugs, acute bacterial infection, anaemia, low SBP and hypovolaemia.

Trabajos originales en Colombia de lesión renal aguda: ¿Qué hay disponible a nivel nacional? / Original works on acute kidney injury: what is currently available in Colombia?

Introducción: la lesión renal aguda (LRA) es una entidad sindromática con múltiples etiologías cuyas estrategias de prevención y tratamiento se deben basar en los datos epidemiológicos locales. En América Latina los trabajos originales son escasos y no hay certeza del estado de la investigación sobre LRA en Colombia. Objetivo: conocer la literatura colombiana disponible sobre LRA. Metodología: se realizó la búsqueda en Embase, Medline-Cochrane Library y Lilacs por medio electrónico y físico en los índices de las revistas más representativas a nivel nacional desde 1970. Se excluyeron las relacionadas con enfermedad renal crónica, trasplante renal y enfermedad glomerular primaria. Resultados: Se identificaron 46 trabajos de investigación colombiana en LRA de los cuales 16 (34,7%) son originales, 11 (23,9%) reportes y series de casos, 10 (21,7%) revisiones de tema, 7 (15,2%) póster de congreso y 2 (4,3%) guías y consensos. De los trabajos originales, 11 (68,7%) pertenecen a pacientes en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI). La revista nacional con más publicaciones en el tema es Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Crítico. Conclusiones: la literatura colombiana en LRA es heterogénea, la mayoría de los trabajos originales se enfocan en el paciente crítico hospitalizado en UCI. Son escasas las publicaciones sobre epidemiología de la enfermedad y no existen datos unificados a nivel nacional.

Introduction: acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome encompassing various etiologies. Strategies for prevention and management of affected patients should be based on local epidemiologic data. Original works on this topic in Latin America are scarce and current status of research on AKI in Colombia is unknown. Objective: to determine the available AKI literature in Colombia. Methodology: a review of the literature from Embase, Medline-Cochrane Library and Lilacs online databases and the most representative printed local journal articles on the topic from 1970 to date. Articles related to chronic kidney disease, kidney transplantation and primary glomerular disease were excluded. Results: we identified 46 Colombian research articles on AKI of which 16 (34.7%) were original works, 11 (23.9%) were reports and case series, 10 (.21.7%) were topic reviews, 7 (15.2%) were poster presentations and 2 (4.3%) were guides and consensus protocols. Of the original works, 11 (68.7%) were on intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The highest number of articles published in Colombia on AKI was found in the Colombian Journal of Critical Care. Conclusions: Colombian AKI literature is heterogeneous and most of the original works focus on critically ill patients hospitalized at the ICU. There are few publications on the epidemiology of AKI and there is no unified data at the national level

Acid-Base Status Disturbances in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis at High Altitudes.

BACKGROUND: Acid-base disorders have been previously described in patients with chronic hemodialysis, with metabolic acidosis being the most important of them; however, little is known about the potential changes in acid-base status of patients on dialysis living at high altitudes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 93 patients receiving chronic hemodialysis on alternate days and living in Bogotá, Colombia, at an elevation of 2,640 meters (8,661 feet) over sea level (m.o.s.l.). Measurements of pH, PaCO2, HCO3, PO2, and base excess were made on blood samples taken from the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) during the pre- and postdialysis periods in the midweek hemodialysis session. Normal values for the altitude of Bogotá were taken into consideration for the interpretation of the arterial blood gases. RESULTS: 43% (n= 40) of patients showed predialysis normal acid-base status. The most common acid-base disorder in predialysis period was metabolic alkalosis with chronic hydrogen ion deficiency in 19,3% (n=18). Only 9,7% (n=9) had predialysis metabolic acidosis. When comparing pre- and postdialysis blood gas analysis, higher postdialysis levels of pH (7,41 versus 7,50, p<0,01), bicarbonate (21,7mmol/L versus 25,4mmol/L, p<0,01), and base excess (-2,8 versus 2,4, p<0,01) were reported, with lower levels of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (34,9 mmHg versus 32,5 mmHg, p<0,01). CONCLUSION: At an elevation of 2,640 m.o.s.l., a large percentage of patients are in normal acid-base status prior to the dialysis session ("predialysis period"). Metabolic alkalosis is more common than metabolic acidosis in the predialysis period when compared to previous studies. Paradoxically, despite postdialysis metabolic alkalosis, PaCO2 levels are lower than those found in the predialysis period.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Early Acute Kidney Injury in Nonsurgical Patients: A Cohort Study.

Introduction. Detecting acute kidney injury (AKI) in the first days of hospitalization could prevent potentially fatal complications. However, epidemiological data are scarce, especially on nonsurgical patients. Objectives. To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with AKI within five days of hospitalization (EAKI). Methods. Prospective cohort of patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department. Results. A total of 16% of 400 patients developed EAKI. The associated risk factors were prehospital treatment with nephrotoxic drugs (2.21 OR; 95% CI 1.12-4.36, p = 0.022), chronic kidney disease (CKD) in stages 3 to 5 (3.56 OR; 95% CI 1.55-8.18, p < 0.003), and venous thromboembolism (VTE) at admission (5.05 OR; 95% CI 1.59-16.0, p < 0.006). The median length of hospital stay was higher among patients who developed EAKI (8 [IQR 5-14] versus 6 [IQR 4-10], p = 0.008) and was associated with an increased requirement for dialysis (4.87 OR 95% CI 2.54 to 8.97, p < 0.001) and in-hospital death (3.45 OR; 95% CI 2.18 to 5.48, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The incidence of EAKI in nonsurgical patients is similar to the worldwide incidence of AKI. The risk factors included CKD from stage 3 onwards, prehospital treatment with nephrotoxic drugs, and VTE at admission. EAKI is associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased mortality rate, and dialysis requirement.