Brief report: prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among individuals with an autism spectrum disorder.

Currently, both the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 preclude the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cases that present with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This criterion will be removed in the upcoming DSM-V, but the relationship between ASD and ADHD, and in particular the prevalence of ADHD among the ASD population, remains controversial. Previous studies have reported clinically significant ADHD symptoms in one-third to three-quarters of ASD-affected individuals (probands). In our sample of 1,838 simplex children and adolescents with ASD, we found that less than 16% met clinically significant levels of ADHD symptoms, per parent report. When both parent and teacher reports were considered, the comorbidity rate was even lower, at 2%.

Risk perception and moralization among smokers in the USA and Denmark: a qualitative approach.

OBJECTIVES: The present research explored the role that culture plays in smokers' description of their risk perceptions and experiences as targets of moralization. METHODS: We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 15 smokers each from Denmark (a smoking-lenient culture) and the USA (a smoking-prohibitive culture). RESULTS: Smokers said they were well aware of the risks of smoking yet minimized the risks of active and passive smoking; Danes were particularly likely to minimize these risks. Smokers also described many experiences as targets of moralization and accepted some elements of moralized attitudes although overall Danes more strongly rejected moralized opinions. Smokers described adjusting to moralization by changing when and where but not how much they smoked. CONCLUSION: It is important to consider cultural influences on moralization and risk perception of smoking.