Uso del mindfulness sobre indicadores de estrés en deportistas durante la etapa competitiva: revisión sistemática / Use of mindfulness on indicators of stress in athletes during the competitive stage: systematic review

El mindfulness es una práctica meditativa que ha probado disminuir el estrés psicofisiológico. Propósito: analizar, si el mindfulness es efectivo para disminuir el estrés psicofisiológico, en deportistas de alto rendimiento en temporada competitiva. Se realizó una búsqueda de estudios clínicos que incluyeran diferentes técnicas meditativas para la reducción del estrés en deportistas durante la fase competitiva. En PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science (1985 al 10 de agosto del 2019), se buscaron las combinaciones de palabras mindfulness, meditation, yoga, sport, athlete, intervention, stress, cortisol. Se localizaron sólo siete trabajos, tres de ellos con información cuantitativa, un cuantitativo y tres de metodología mixta. En los siete estudios encontrados (153 sujetos; 134 hombres y 19 mujeres) sus autores mencionan que el mindfulness fue efectivo para la reducción del estrés en los atletas durante la etapa competitiva.

Mindfulness is a meditative practice that has proven to reduce psycho-physiological stress. Purpose: Analyze if mindfulness is effective to reduce psycho-physiological stress in athletes during their competitive season. Clinical studies that included different meditative techniques for stress reduction in athletes during the competitive phase was searched for in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (1985 to August 10, 2019), using the combinations of the words mindfulness, meditation, yoga, sport, athlete, intervention, stress, and cortisol. Only seven papers were located, three of them with a quantitative design, one as quantitative and three with mixed methodology. In the seven studies found (153 subjects; 134 men and 19 women) their authors mention that mindfulness was effective for reducing stress in athletes during the competitive season.

Alimentación de los escolares tarahumaras de la comunidad de Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México / Food of tarahumara schoolchildren in the community of Agua Zarca, Chihuahua, México

Introducción: Los tarahumaras son un pueblo nativo de la Sierra Madre Occidental, en el estado de Chihuahua y uno de los más pobres de México. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos indígenas, mantiene un programa de alimentación en los Albergues Escolares destinado a paliar la desnutrición infantil. Objetivo: analizar la adecuación de la dieta que los escolares siguen en el albergue y compararla con la tienen en sus hogares. Métodos: la muestra es de 50 escolares de ambos sexos (edad 9.78 ± 1.25 años) asistentes a la "Escuela Albergue Indígena Ignacio León Ruíz" de Agua Zarca. Se aplicó un recordatorio de 24 horas, en la escuela y en los hogares. Se analizó el consumo energético, de macro y micronutrientes tomando como referencia las recomendaciones para la población mexicana. Resultados: el consumo energético y de todos los nutrientes fue superior en la comida de la escuela (p < 0.001), pero la proporción de sujetos con consumo deficitario fue para niacina (40%), ácido fólico (40%-55%) calcio (23,3%- 35%), hierro (35%), magnesio (55%) y zinc (80%). En los hogares, hasta 50% de los niños y 83,3% de las niñas no alcanzaron cobertura para ácido ascórbico, tiamina y riboflavina; entre 70%-95% reportaron baja ingesta en sodio, magnesio y potasio. Más del 50% presentó déficit para todos los micronutrientes y ningún escolar alcanzó cobertura para calcio y zinc. Conclusiones: Los albergues proporcionan una alimentación cualiatativa y cuantitativamente mejor que la del hogar, pero no alcanza a cubrir las necesidades de los escolares

Introduction: The Tarahumaras are a native people of the Sierra Madre Occidental, in the state of Chihuahua and one of the poorest in Mexico. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples maintains a food programme in school shelters to alleviate child malnutrition. Objective: to analyse the adequacy of the diet that schoolchildren follow in the shelter and to compare it with what they have at home. Methods: the sample is 50 schoolchildren of both sexes (age 9.78 ± 1.25 years) attending the "Ignacio León Ruíz Indigenous Shelter School" in Agua Zarca. A 24-hour reminder was applied at school and at home. The consumption of energy, macro and micronutrients was analyzed taking as a reference the recommendations for the Mexican population. Results: energy and all-nutrient intake was higher at school meal (p < 0.001), but the proportion of subjects with deficient intake was for niacin (40%), folic acid (40%-55%), calcium (23.3%-35%), iron (35%), magnesium (55%) and zinc (80%). In households, up to 50% of boys and 83.3% of girls did not reach coverage for ascorbic acid, thiamin and riboflavin; between 70%-95% reported low sodium, magnesium and potassium intake. More than 50% were deficient in all micronutrients and no schoolchildren achieved coverage for calcium and zinc. Conclusions: The shelters provide a qualitatively and quantitatively better diet than the home, but this is not enough to cover the needs of the schoolchildren

Transient cardiac dysfunction but elevated cardiac and kidney biomarkers 24 h following an ultra-distance running event in Mexican Tarahumara.

BACKGROUND: The Mexican Tarahumara are accustomed to running ultra-distance races. No data exist on the acute physiological changes following ultra-distance running and physiological-biomarker associations in this population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the acute impact (≤ 24 h) on functional and biochemical changes of the cardiac muscle and biochemical changes associated with kidney function following a 63-km ultra-distance race with an altitude difference of 1800 m in Mexican Tarahumara athletes. METHODS: Ten Tarahumara male athletes (mean ± SD age = 29.9 ± 6.6 years) volunteered to participate in the study. VO2max was assessed by a sub-maximal step test individually calibrated combining heart rate and accelerometry. Standard transthoracic echocardiography methodology and venipuncture blood tests were carried out at four time points: pre-race, immediately post-race, 6 h, and 24 h post-race. RESULTS: Estimated mean VO2max was 54.5 (± 8.8) mL O2 min-1 kg-1 and average physiological activity intensity was 746 (± 143) J min-1 kg -1 (~ 11.5 METs). When compared to pre-race values, significant changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end-diastolic volume (- 15%, p < 0.001 for both parameters), cardiac output (39%, p < 0.001), and maximal longitudinal velocity (- 13%, p < 0.009) were seen post-race with LVEF also being decreased at < 6 h post-race (- 8%, p < 0.014). Plasma biomarkers mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, copeptin-ultra sensitive, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T remained significantly elevated at 24 h post-race, and the two latter were inversely associated with LVEF (p < 0.04). Kidney dysfunction was indicated by increased post-race copeptin-ultra sensitive. CONCLUSIONS: The athletes participating in this study had acute transient cardiac dysfunction as assessed by echocardiography but elevated cardiac and kidney biomarkers at 24 h following a 63-km race with extreme altitude variation.

Migration and nutritional status of Tarahumara schoolchildren from Chihuahua State (México).

OBJECTIVE: The Tarahumara ethnic group is composed of indigenous people from the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Conditions of isolation and poverty compel them to migrate to the city in search of better opportunities. This work aims to explore the influence of migration on the growth and nutritional status of Tarahumara schoolchildren. METHODS: One hundred Tarahumara students were analyzed (50 rural with a mean age of 9.78 ± 1.25 years; 50 urban aged 10.0 ± 1.04 years), comparing anthropometric indicators and body composition (T-Student, U-Mann-Whitney Tests). RESULTS: Twenty percent of rural girls and 35% of rural boys showed stunted growth compared to only 9% of the urban girls (no stunted growth among urban boys). Migrants showed greater body size, skinfold thickness, and fat percentage. Weight excess, understood as an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, was detected in 17.8% of urban boys and 13.6% of urban girls compared to 10.0% of boys and 3.3% of girls of the rural series. CONCLUSION: Migration reduces stunting and increases adiposity.

Effects of a moderate intake of beer on markers of hydration after exercise in the heat: a crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Exercise in the heat causes important water and electrolytes losses through perspiration. Optimal rehydration is crucial to facilitate the recuperation process after exercise. The aim of our study was to examine whether a moderate beer intake as part of the rehydration has any negative effect protocol after a short but dehydrating bout of exercise in the heat. METHODS: Sixteen active male (VO2max, 56 ± 4 mL/kg/min), were included in a crossover study and performed a dehydrating exercise (≤1 h running, 60 %VO2max) twice and 3 weeks apart, in a hot laboratory setting (35 ± 1 °C, humidity 60 ± 2 %). During the two hours following the exercise bouts participants consumed either mineral water ad-libitum (W) or up to 660 ml regular beer followed by water ad-libitum (BW). Body composition, hematological and serum parameters, fluid balance and urine excretion were assessed before, after exercise and after rehydration. RESULTS: Body mass (BM) decreased (both ~ 2.4%) after exercise in both trials. After rehydration, BM and fat free mass significantly increased although BM did not return to baseline levels (BM, 72.6 ± 6.7 to 73.6 ± 6.9; fat free mass, 56.9 ± 4.7 to 57.5 ± 4.5, no differences BW vs W). Beer intake did not adversely affect any measured parameter. Fluid balance and urine excretion values did not differ between the rehydration strategies. CONCLUSIONS: After exercise and subsequent water losses, a moderate beer (regular) intake has no deleterious effects on markers of hydration in active individuals.

Composición corporal, estado nutricional y alimentación en escolares Tarahumaras urbanos y rurales de Chihuahua, México / Body composition, nutritional status and diet in rural and urban Tarahumara schoolchildren in Chihuahua, México

Introducción: El grupo indígena tarahumara es el más numeroso en el Estado de Chihuahua y es una de las etnias más deprimidas económicamente del país, razón por la cual, tienden a abandonar la sierra para asentarse en la ciudad modificando sus hábitos de vida. Objetivo: Comparar el estado nutricional de escolares Tarahumaras rurales y urbanos a través de un análisis de su composición corporal y alimentación. Métodos: Se evaluaron 50 niños Tarahumaras rurales y 50 niños Tarahumaras urbanos con media de edad entre los 9-10 años. Se tomaron diversas medidas antropométricas que permitieron valorar el tamaño, composición corporal de los escolares, así como su somatotipo. Se realizó un análisis de la alimentación mediante recordatorio de 24 horas en dos días de la semana. Resultados: Los escolares urbanos mostraron valores significativamente mayores en la mayoría de medidas antropométricas. No hubo diferencias estadisticamente significativas para el estado nutricional aunque el porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad de los Tarahu - mara urbanos superó en un 10% a los rurales. El porcentaje de grasa y el componente endomorfico del somatotipo fue mucho más elevado en los niños rurales. La alimentación de ambos grupos difiere principalmente durante el fin de semana, cuando los niños rurales dejan la escuela y comen en sus hogares. Los niños urbanos consumieron de media más calorías, proteinas, grasas y colesterol que los rurales, los cuales, tienen más elevado el consumo de carbohidratos. Conclusiones: Los niños Tarahumaras urbanos muestran un mayor tamaño corporal y adiposidad reflejo de una alimentación más rica en calorías y grasas (AU)

Introduction: The Tarahumara indigenous group is the largest in the State of Chihuahua but it is the most economically depressed in the country which is why they tend to leave the mountains to settle in the city and change their ethnic lifestyles. Objective: To compare the nutritional status of rural and urban Tarahumara schoolchildren through an analysis of their body composition, and nutrition. Method: 50 rural Tarahumara children and 50 urban Tarahumara children with a mean age between 9-10 years were evaluated. Various anthropometric measures that allowed assessing their size, body composition, and somatotype were taken. A diet analysis was conducted through surveys of 24-hour recall two days a week. Results: The urban schoolchildren showed signifi - cantly higher values in most anthropometric measures. There were no statistically significant differences in the nutritional status although the percentage of overweight and obesity in urban Tarahumara children ex - ceeded 10% from those in rural areas. The percentage of fat and endomorphic somatotype component was much higher in rural children. The diet of the two groups differed mainly during the weekend, when rural children leave school and eat at home. Urban children consumed on average more calories, protein, fat and cholesterol than their rural counterparts, who have a higher carbohydrate intake. Conclusions: Urban Tarahumara children show a larger body size and adiposity, which reflects a diet rich in calories and fat (AU)

Diferencias alimentarias y de actividad física en escolares mestizos y Tarahumaras de la ciudad de Chihuahua (México) / Food and physical activity differences in mestizos and Tarahumara schoolchildren from Chihuahua city (México)

El estilo de vida es diferente en el medio urbano que en el entorno rural. Se dispone de escasa información sobre el cambio en los hábitos de alimentación y actividad física que experimentan los escolares Tarahu - maras al migrar a la ciudad. Objetivo: Comparar la dieta habitual, la actividad fí- sica y el estado de nutrición de escolares mestizos y Tarahumaras que radican en la ciudad de Chihuahua. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, trans - versal y comparativo en 111 escolares, (61 mestizos y 50 Ta rahumaras) de ambos sexos entre 6 y 14 años de edad, procedentes de tres escuelas públicas y dos escuelas indígenas de la ciudad de Chihuahua. Se aplicaron cuestionarios de auto reporte de alimentación (recordatorio de 24 horas) para dos días, uno entre semana y otro de fin de semana, un cuestionario de actividad física desarrollado por el grupo de investigación EPINUT, y mediciones antropométricas según protocolo de la Sociedad Internacional para el avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK por sus siglas en inglés). Resultado: El consumo calórico es similar en ambos grupos (2036.5±709 kcal/día mestizos vs. 1938.1±849 kcal/día Tarahumara). El porcentaje de consumo de macronutrimentos no difiere significativamente entre grupos, sin embargo, el consumo de colesterol es mayor en escolares mestizos (318.3±199 mg/día vs. 226.2±203 mg/día; p< 0.05), al igual que el consumo de grasas saturadas (29.4±14.7 mg/día vs. 19.9±14.4 mg/día; p<0.05) aunque sólo los mestizos exceden las recomendaciones diarias para este grupo de edad. Respecto a la actividad física escolar, el 6% de los Tarahumara realiza más de 4 hr/sem y el 54% menos de 2 hr/sem, lo que contrasta con el 87.1% de los mestizos con una actividad menor a 2 hr/sem. La prevalencia de niños mestizos que realizaron actividad física extra-escolar por más de 4 hr/sem fue del 19.4% frente al 8% en los Tarahumaras. La actividad física recreativa fue menor a 2hr/sem en el 26.5% de los Tarahumaras en comparación con el 46.8% de los mestizos; sin embargo, fue mayor a 4 hr/sem en el 44.9% de los Tarahumaras. Respecto a las actividades sedentarias, el 44.6% de los mestizos ve TV de 1 a 7 hr/sem en comparación con el 26.1% de los Tarahu - mara; el 35.2% de los niños mestizos juega a videojuegos entre 1 a 7 hr/sem mientras que el 58.7% de los niños Tarahumara no usan estos dispositivos; el 50% de los mestizos emplean la computadora de 1 a 7 hr /sem, y el 60% de los Tarahumara no la usan. El tiempo semanal de hora/pantalla dedicado por parte de los mestizos es de 19.09hr y, por parte de los Tarahumara, es de 14.17hr. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad combinados es de 39.3% en mestizos vs. 16% en Tarahumaras (p<0.05). Discusión y conclusiones: Ambos grupos estudiados tienen una dieta similar, respecto al consumo caló- rico y los macronutrimentos, no así en ingesta de colesterol y grasas saturadas donde el consumo en la muestra Tarahumara es menor. Hay más prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en los niños mestizos vinculada a una mayor actividad sedentaria por semana, mientras que la actividad física recreativa es mayor en los Tarahumara (AU)

There is evidence that lifestyle is different in urban or rural areas, although there are limited data on the change in diet and physical activity habits that happen in the Tarahumara indigenous people that migrate to the city. Objective: To compare the habitual diet, physical activity and nutritional status between Tarahumara children and mestizos who live in the city of Chihuahua. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional and comparative study in 111 schoolchildren, (61 mestizos and 50 Tarahumaras), girls and boys between 6 and 14 years old was performed from three public schools and two indigenous schools in Chihuahua City. Self-reported questionnaires supply (24 hr recall) for two days, one weekday and one weekend, a physical activity questionnaire from EPINUT research group own creation, and anthropometric measurements were applied according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advan - cement the Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Result: The caloric intake was similar in both groups (2036.5 ± 709 kcal/day in mestizos vs. 1938.1 ± 849 kcal/day in Tarahumara). The percentage of macronutrients did not differ significantly between groups. Cholesterol intake is higher in urban schoolchildren (318.3 ±199 mg/day vs. 226.2 ±203 mg/day; p=0.01) and also the consumption of saturated fats (29.4 ±14.7 mg/day vs.19.9 ±14.4 mg/day; p=0.01) although only the mestizos group exceed the daily recommendations for this age group. The 6% of the Tarahumara children practice school physical activity more than 4hr/wk, 54% less than 2hr/wk contrasting with the 87.1% of mestizos which practice less than 2hr/wk. Extra school physical activity was performed more than 4hr/wk by the 19.4% of mestizos vs. 8% of Tarahumara. Recreational phy sical activity performed by Tarahumara lasts less than 2hr/wk in the 26.5% of them compared with 46.8% of mestizos; 44.9% of Tarahu mara children practiced more than 4hr/wk of it. In relation to sedentary activities, 44.6% of mestizo children watch TV for 1-7 hr/wk compared to 26.1% of the Tarahu mara; the use of videogames for 1-7 hr/wk was 35.2% in mestizos and the 58.7% of Tarahumara children didn’t use any of these devices; the use of computers during 1-7 hr/wk was 50% in mestizos in contrast to 60% of Tarahumara that didn’t used them never. The week ly time using any electronic displays was 19.1hr in mestizos vs. 14.2hr in Tarahumara. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 39.3% in mestizos vs. 16% in Tarahumara (AU)