Consumo de psicofármacos en pacientes ambulatorios en un Hospital de Mendoza, Argentina / Consumption of psychopharms in ambulatory patients in a Hospital de Mendoza, Argentina

Introducción: La aparición de nuevos psicofármacos y diagnósticos psiquiátricos ha conducido a una mayor medicación en psiquiatría, convirtiéndose en uno de los grupos demedicamentos más utilizados.Objetivo: Determinar el consumo de psicofármacos en elServicio de Farmacia de un Hospital de Mendoza en pacientes ambulatorios.Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo,transversal, de tipo indicación-prescripción. Se analizaron 1.620prescripciones, provenientes de 509 recetas de pacientes ambulatorios, con al menos un psicofármaco, sobre un total de11.082 medicamentos, durante 17 días (junio 2018). Datos recolectados: socio-demográficos, diagnósticos y medicamentosprescriptos. Los medicamentos y los diagnósticos se clasificaronsegún las clasificaciones Anatómica Terapéutica Química e Internacional de Enfermedades, respectivamente.Resultados (%): Sexo: F (60), M (39). Edad (años): 0-15 (6,4),16-65 (85), mayor de 65 (6). Los grupos farmacológicos másprescriptos fueron: benzodiacepinas (18,9), antipsicóticos(9,2) y antidepresivos (8). Diagnósticos: trastornos mentalesy del comportamiento (63); enfermedades del sistema nervioso (12); enfermedades del sistema osteomuscular y deltejido conectivo (8); síntomas, signos y hallazgos clínicos yde laboratorio, no clasificados en otra parte (4,5). Fármacos:tracto alimentario y metabolismo (10); sangre y órganos formadores de sangre (2); estimulantes cardíacos (10) y sistemanervioso (63).Conclusión: Diagnósticos más frecuentes: depresión, epilepsia y dolor. Se encuentra asociación significativa entre ansiedad y el sexo femenino. Los antiepilépticos y psicolépticosfueron los fármacos más dispensados. El rol del farmacéutico es fundamental en la monitorización de conductas prescriptivas y cuidado de herramientas terapéuticas. (AU)

Introduction: Emergence of new psychopharms and psychiatric diagnoses hasled to greater medication in psychiatry,becoming one of the most used drugsgroups.Objective: To determine the consumption of psychotropic drugs in the Pharmacy Service of a Mendoza Hospital inoutpatients.Methodology: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, of the indication-prescription type was performed.1,620 prescribed drugs were analyzed,corresponding to from 509 prescriptionsin outpatients, with at least one psychoactive drug, on a total of 11,082 medications, for 17 days (June 2018). Datacollected: socio-demographic data, diagnostics and prescribed medications. Medications and diagnoses were classifiedaccording to the anatomical TherapeuticChemical and International Disease classifications, respectively.Results (%): Sex: F (60), M (39). Age(years): 0-15 (6.4), 16-65 (85), over 65(6). The most prescribed pharmacological groups were: benzodiazepines(18.9), antipsychotics (9.2) and antidepressants (8). Diagnoses: mental andbehavioral disorders (63); nervous systemdiseases (12); diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (8);symptoms, signs and clinical and laboratory findings, not classified elsewhere(4,5). Drugs: food tract and metabolism(10); blood and blood forming organs(2); cardiac stimulants (10) and nervoussystem (63).Conclusion: Most frequent diagnoses:depression, epilepsy and pain. There isa significant association between anxiety and female sex. Antiepilepticsand psycholeptics were the most dispensed drugs. The pharmacist's role isfundamental in the monitoring of prescriptive behaviors and care of therapeutic tools. (AU)

Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago.

Over 60 years ago, stone tools and remains of megafauna were discovered on the Southeast Asian islands of Flores, Sulawesi and Luzon, and a Middle Pleistocene colonization by Homo erectus was initially proposed to have occurred on these islands1-4. However, until the discovery of Homo floresiensis in 2003, claims of the presence of archaic hominins on Wallacean islands were hypothetical owing to the absence of in situ fossils and/or stone artefacts that were excavated from well-documented stratigraphic contexts, or because secure numerical dating methods of these sites were lacking. As a consequence, these claims were generally treated with scepticism 5 . Here we describe the results of recent excavations at Kalinga in the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon in the Philippines that have yielded 57 stone tools associated with an almost-complete disarticulated skeleton of Rhinoceros philippinensis, which shows clear signs of butchery, together with other fossil fauna remains attributed to stegodon, Philippine brown deer, freshwater turtle and monitor lizard. All finds originate from a clay-rich bone bed that was dated to between 777 and 631 thousand years ago using electron-spin resonance methods that were applied to tooth enamel and fluvial quartz. This evidence pushes back the proven period of colonization 6 of the Philippines by hundreds of thousands of years, and furthermore suggests that early overseas dispersal in Island South East Asia by premodern hominins took place several times during the Early and Middle Pleistocene stages1-4. The Philippines therefore may have had a central role in southward movements into Wallacea, not only of Pleistocene megafauna 7 , but also of archaic hominins.

Weight gain and inflammation regulate aromatase expression in male adipose tissue, as evidenced by reporter gene activity.

Obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation are associated with enhanced aromatization in women, but little is known about the regulation of aromatase (CYP19A1) gene expression in male WAT. We investigated the impact of weight gain and WAT inflammation on the regulation of CYP19A1 in males, by utilizing the hARO-Luc aromatase reporter mouse model containing a >100-kb 5'-region of the human CYP19A1 gene. We show that hARO-Luc reporter activity is enhanced in WAT of mice with increased adiposity and inflammation. Dexamethasone and TNFα, as well as forskolin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, upregulate hARO-Luc activity, suggesting the involvement of promoters I.4 and I.3/II. Furthermore, we show that diet enriched with antioxidative plant polyphenols attenuates WAT inflammation and hARO-Luc activity in obese males. In conclusion, our data suggest that obesity-associated WAT inflammation leads to increased peripheral CYP19A1 expression in males, and that polyphenol-enriched diet may have the potential to attenuate excessive aromatization in WAT of obese men.

Genetic Diversity of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador Provides New Insight Into the Origin of This Important Plant Pathogen.

ABSTRACT The metapopulation structure of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato is genetically diverse in the highlands of Ecuador. Previous reports documented the diversity associated with four putative clonal lineages of the pathogen collected from various hosts in the genus Solanum. This paper simultaneously analyzes diversity of the complete collection of isolates, including a large number that had not yet been reported. This analysis confirmed the existence of three pathogen populations, which all appear to be clonal lineages, and that correspond to those previously reported as US-1, EC-1, and EC-3. No evidence was found from the analyses of recently collected isolates that would contradict earlier reports about these three lineages. In contrast, new data from a group of isolates from several similar hosts caused us to modify the previous description of clonal lineage EC-2 and its previously proposed hosts, S. brevifolium and S. tetrapetalum. Given the uncertainty associated with the identification of these hosts, which all belong to the section Anarrhichomenum, we refer to them as the Anarrhichomenum complex, pending further taxonomic clarification. New pathogen genotypes associated with the Anarrhichomenum complex were isolated recently that are A1 mating type and Ia mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, and therefore differ from the previously described EC-2 lineage, which is A2 and Ic, respectively. Because of uncertainty on host identification, we do not know if the new genotypes are limited to one host species and therefore represent yet another host-adapted clonal lineage. For now, we refer to the new genotypes and previously described EC-2 genotypes, together, as the pathogen group attacking the Anarrhichomenum complex. Two A2 isolates identical to the previously described EC-2 archetype were collected from severely infected plants of pear melon (S. muricatum). Pear melon is generally attacked by US-1, and this is the first clear case we have documented in which two distinct pathogen genotypes have caused severe epidemics on the same host. Based on presence of unique marker alleles (restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] and mtDNA) and genetic similarity analysis using RFLP and amplified fragment length polymorphism data, EC-3 and isolates from the Anarrhichomenum complex are genetically distinct from all genotypes of P. infestans that have been reported previously. No current theory of historical migrations for this pathogen can adequately support a Mexican origin for EC-3 and genotypes of the Anarrhichomenum complex and they may, therefore, be palaeoendemic to the Andean highlands. To date, we have identified 15 hosts in the genus Solanum, in addition to the Anarrhichomenum complex, and some unidentified species of P. infestans sensu lato in Ecuador. Five of the Solanum hosts are cultivated. One isolate was collected from Brugmansia sanguinea, which represents the first report from Ecuador of a host of this pathogen that is not in the genus Solanum. However, P. infestans sensu lato was only found on flower petals of B. sanguinea. This study provides new insights into the population structure of highly specialized genotypes of P. infestans sensu lato in the Andean highlands. The results are discussed in light of previous hypotheses regarding the geographic origin of the pathogen.