Structure based drug design: development of potent and selective factor IXa (FIXa) inhibitors.

On the basis of our understanding on the binding interactions of the benzothiophene template within the FIXa active site by X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling studies, we developed our SAR strategy by targeting the 4-position of the template to access the S1 beta and S2-S4 sites. A number of highly selective and potent factor Xa (FXa) and FIXa inhibitors were identified by simple switch of functional groups with conformational changes toward the S2-S4 sites.

Studies of benzothiophene template as potent factor IXa (FIXa) inhibitors in thrombosis.

FIXa is a serine protease enzyme involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. The upstream intervention of the coagulation cascade in selectively inhibiting FIXa would leave hemostasis intact via the extrinsic pathway, leading to an optimum combination of efficacy and safety with low incidence of bleeding. We have identified 2-amindinobenzothiophene template as a lead scaffold for FIXa inhibiton based on its homology with urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Subsequent SAR work on the template revealed a number of highly potent FIXa inhibitors, though with moderate selectivity against FXa. X-ray study with one of the analogues demonstrated active site binding interaction with the induced opening of the S1 beta pocket and a secondary binding at the S2-S4 sites, which is in direct contrast with the previous finding.

Pharmacodynamic and efficacy profile of TGN 255, a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, in canine cardiopulmonary bypass and simulated mitral valve repair.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can be a life-threatening sequel to conventional use of unfractionated heparin in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and efficacy profile of a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, TGN 255, during cardiac surgery in dogs. Point-of-care coagulation monitoring was also compared against the plasma concentrations of TRI 50c, the active metabolite of TGN 255. The study was conducted in three phases using 10 animals: phase 1 was a dose-ranging study in conscious animals (n = 6), phase 2 was a similar but terminal dose-ranging study in dogs undergoing CPB (n = 6), and phase 3 was with animals undergoing simulated mitral valve repair (terminal) using optimal TGN 255 dose regimens derived from phases I and II (n = 4). During the study, PD markers and drug plasma levels were determined. In addition, determinations of hematologic markers and blood loss were undertaken. Phase 1 studies showed that a high-dose regimen of a 5-mg/kg bolus and infusion of 20 mg/kg/h elevated PD markers in conscious animals, at which time there were no measured effects on platelet or red blood cell counts, and the mean plasma concentration of TRI 50C was 20.6 microg/mL. In the phase 2 CPB dose-ranging study, this dosing regimen significantly elevated all the PD markers and produced hemorrhagic and paradoxical thrombogenic effects. In the phase 3 surgical study, a lower TGN 255 dose regimen of a 2.5-mg/kg bolus plus 10 mg/kg/h produced anticoagulation, elevated PD markers, and produced minimal post-operative blood loss in the animals. Plasma levels of TRI 50C trended well with the conventional point-of-care coagulation monitoring. TGN 255 provided effective anticoagulation in a canine CPB procedure, enabling successful completion with minimal blood loss. These findings support further evaluation of TGN 255 as an anticoagulant for CPB.

Paradoxical release of nitric oxide by an L-type calcium channel antagonist, the R+ enantiomer of amlodipine.

Amlodipine is a mixture of two enantiomers, one having L-type channel blocking activity (S-) and the other about 1,000-fold weaker activity and of little known other activity (R+). To determine whether the R+ enantiomer releases nitric oxide, the ability of amlodipine, its enantiomers, and nitrendipine to release nitric oxide in isolated coronary microvessels and to regulate cardiac tissue oxygen consumption via nitric oxide release was studied in vitro. Amlodipine and the R+ enantiomer released nitric oxide in a concentration-dependent fashion, increasing nitrite release from coronary microvessels by 57 +/- 12 and 45 +/- 5 pmol/mg/20 min at 10(-6) M (p < 0.05 from control). Nitrite release was entirely blocked by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and HOE-140, a B2-kinin receptor antagonist. The S- enantiomer had no effect on nitrite release at any concentration. Amlodipine and the R+ enantiomer also reduced oxygen consumption in canine cardiac tissue in vitro and this was in an L-NAME-blockable manner. The S- enantiomer of amlodipine had no effect. This study shows that the R+ enantiomer of amlodipine is responsible for the release of nitric oxide and not the S- enantiomer (the L-type calcium channel blocking portion of amlodipine). Interestingly, nitric oxide release is dependent on the production of kinins because it is blocked by HOE-140. This study defines a potentially important property by which calcium channel blockers may release nitric oxide and may contribute to their use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.