In silico and in vitro studies for the identification of small molecular inhibitors from Euphorbia hirta Linn for rheumatoid arthritis: targeting TNF-α-mediated inflammation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that is now potentially lethal and has a significant detrimental influence on people's daily lives by affecting bone joints. Inflammation plays a vital role in this type of autoimmune disorder. In rheumatoid arthritis, long-term production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulates the immune system against cells in bone joints and helps to develop the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. So, while treating rheumatoid arthritis, we need to block these kinds of mechanisms. We employed soxhlet extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to analyze the phytocompound information in E. hirta leaves. Furthermore, our research included in vitro investigations using Western blotting and mRNA expression analysis (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6) to affirm the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of our extract. For identifying the lead-like molecules, virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations were used. TLC results confirmed the presence of phytocompounds in E. hirta crude through spots. The structure elucidation of the phytocompounds was confirmed by the GC-MS chromatogram. The in vitro outcomes collectively underscore the inhibitory influence of E. hirta on cell proliferation and its capacity to attenuate the expression of TNF- α within THP-1 cells. The results of in silico methodologies confirmed six lead-like molecules. We could conclude that phytocompounds from ethanol leaf crude have effective lead-like molecules against the TNF-α.

4-Amino-3,5-di-chloro-pyridinium 3-hy-droxy-pico-linate monohydrate.

In the title hydrated salt, C5H5Cl2N2 +·C6H4NO3 -·H2O, the pyridine N atom of the cation is protonated and an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed in the anion, which generates an S(6) ring. The crystal packing features N-H⋯N, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate a three-dimensional network.

2,6-Di-amino-4-chloro-pyrimidine-succinic acid (2/1).

In the title 2:1 co-crystal, 2C4H5ClN4·C4H6O4 the complete succinic acid mol-ecule is generated by a crystallographic centre of symmetry. In the crystal, pairwise O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the pyrimidine and succinic acid mol-ecules, generating R 2 2(8) loops. The pyrimidine mol-ecules are linked by pairwise N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, again generating R 2 2(8) loops. Collectively, the hydrogen bonds link the components into corrugated (100) sheets. The Hirshfeld surface is presented.