[Human leptospirosis in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a geographic approach]. / Leptospirose humana no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma abordagem geográfica.

A retrospective study on human leptospirosis, was done in Belo Horizonte in 1995, using geographic processing resources. Thirty suspected and 19 confirmed cases of leptospirosis were mapped in the area. The majority of confirmed cases (68.4 +/- 13%) were located in North, Northeast and West of the city. The main foci of disease were found in slums and other poor areas: 73.7 +/- 12% of the confirmed cases and 26.7 +/- 12% of suspected cases. Ninety-five percent +/- 6% of the confirmed cases were found in the outskirts of the city where there was a population increase and inadequate infrastructure. It was observed that 50 +/- 14% of the suspected cases and 42 +/- 14% of the confirmed cases were found in areas of high concentration of water resources. Suspected (83.3 +/- 10%) and confirmed cases (79 +/- 11%) occurred in lower altitude areas of the city (750 to 1,000m) and 78 +/- 12% of the individuals had been in contact with contaminated water and/or animals.

Leptospirose humana no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma abordagem geográfica / Human leptospirosis in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a geographic approach

A retrospective study on human leptospirosis, was done in Belo Horizonte in 1995, using geographic processing resources. Thirty suspected and 19 confirmed cases of leptospirosis were mapped in the area. The majority of confirmed cases (68.4 +/- 13%) were located in North, Northeast and West of the city. The main foci of disease were found in slums and other poor areas: 73.7 +/- 12% of the confirmed cases and 26.7 +/- 12% of suspected cases. Ninety-five percent +/- 6% of the confirmed cases were found in the outskirts of the city where there was a population increase and inadequate infrastructure. It was observed that 50 +/- 14% of the suspected cases and 42 +/- 14% of the confirmed cases were found in areas of high concentration of water resources. Suspected (83.3 +/- 10%) and confirmed cases (79 +/- 11%) occurred in lower altitude areas of the city (750 to 1,000m) and 78 +/- 12% of the individuals had been in contact with contaminated water and/or animals.

Uma análise retrospectiva da leptospirose humana no município de Belo Horizonte em 1995 foi realizada usando recursos de geoprocessamento.Trinta casos suspeitos e 19 casos confirmados foram localizados na área. A predominância de casos confirmados foi registrada nas regiões norte, nordeste e oeste (68,4 ± 13%). Nas áreas de favelas e bolsões de pobreza foram identificados os principais focos da doença, 73,7 ± 12% dos casos confirmados e 26,7 ± 12% dos casos suspeitos. Na periferia, onde ocorreu um aumento populacional, localizaram-se 95 ± 6% dos casos confirmados, sendo o local com maior carência de infra-estrutura básica. Na distribuição espacial dos principais cursos d'água do município, observou-se que 50 ± 14% dos casos suspeitos e 42 ± 14% dos casos confirmados estavam localizados nas áreas com maior concentração de redes fluviais. Casos suspeitos (83,3 ± 10%) e confirmados (79 ± 11%) ocorreram em partes altimétricas mais baixas da cidade (750 a 1.000m) e 78 ± 12% dos indivíduos tiveram contato com água e / ou animais contaminados.

Prevalence of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from Brazilian children with invasive infections. Pneumococcal Study Group in Brazil for the SIREVA Project. Regional System for Vaccines in Latin America.

A laboratory surveillance study was developed in Brazil in 1993 to determine capsular types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. By studying 360 strains isolated from children with invasive infections in three different cities, 8 out of 34 types were identified as being the most prevalent and considered as the reference group for further analyses. This group comprised 77.7% of all strains studied, and includes the types 1, 5, 6A/B, 9V, 14, 19F, 19A, and 23F. The prevalence of this reference group was significantly higher among strains isolated from children with pneumonia than meningitis. Similarly, this group was more prevalent among strains isolated from children 3 to 6 years of age than from children under 2 years of age. Most strains (78.6%) were found to be susceptible to penicillin and only 1.4% showed high resistance to this antibiotic. However, intermediate resistance to penicillin was detected in 20% of the strains. This laboratory surveillance will be maintained and extended to other cities of Brazil to better define and monitor the trends of pneumococcal infections for proper control and prevention.