RESUMO
The household registration (hukou) system in China, classifying each person as a rural or an urban resident, is a major means of controlling population mobility and determining eligibility for state-provided services and welfare. Established in the late 1950s, it was initially used to bar rural-to-urban migration. After the late 1970s reforms, an inflow of rural migrant workers was allowed into the cities to meet labor demands in the burgeoning export industries and urban services without, however, changing the migrants' registered status, thus precluding their access to subsidized housing and other benefits available to those with urban registration. While there have been many calls for reforming this system, progress has been limited. Proposed reforms have attracted increasing academic and media attention.
Assuntos
Dinâmica Populacional , Grupos Populacionais , Sistema de Registros , Políticas de Controle Social , Seguridade Social , China/etnologia , Emprego/economia , Emprego/história , Emprego/legislação & jurisprudência , Emprego/psicologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Sistemas Políticos/história , Grupos Populacionais/educação , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Grupos Populacionais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Populacionais/psicologia , Assistência Pública/economia , Assistência Pública/história , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Políticas de Controle Social/economia , Políticas de Controle Social/história , Políticas de Controle Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Apoio Social , Seguridade Social/economia , Seguridade Social/etnologia , Seguridade Social/história , Seguridade Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguridade Social/psicologia , Estatísticas VitaisRESUMO
The discovery of circulating fetal nucleic acid in maternal plasma has opened up new possibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Thus far, a gender- and polymorphism-independent fetal-specific target that can be used for prenatal screening and monitoring in all pregnant women has not been reported. In addition, the origin of such circulating nucleic acid has remained unclear. Here we provide direct evidence that the placenta is an important source of fetal nucleic acid release into maternal plasma by demonstrating that mRNA transcripts from placenta-expressed genes are readily detectable in maternal plasma. The surprising stability of such placental mRNA species in maternal plasma and their rapid clearance after delivery demonstrate that such circulating mRNA molecules are practical markers for clinical use. The measurement of such plasma mRNA markers has provided a gender-independent approach for noninvasive prenatal gene expression profiling and has opened up numerous research and diagnostic possibilities.
Assuntos
Troca Materno-Fetal/genética , Placenta/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/sangue , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Sequência de Bases , Transporte Biológico Ativo , Primers do DNA/genética , Feminino , Feto/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Lactogênio Placentário/genética , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Estabilidade de RNA , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
'Yo-yo' reflux in an incompletely duplicated renal system was demonstrated on (99m)Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) renal scintigraphy in a 7-year-old girl presenting with low-grade fever and pyelonephritis. Incomplete duplication and a bifid renal pelvis, which may be seen in up to 4% of the North American population, occasionally causes symptoms because of recurrent urinary tract infection or loin pain. (99m)Tc-MAG3 renal scintigraphy can demonstrate 'yo-yo' reflux in patients with incomplete renal duplication and should be considered in cases with unexplained loin pain, even if (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy is normal.
