Efficacy of Phase 1 of Life Goals Programme on symptom reduction and mood stability for bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Life Goals Programme (LGP) was developed as a psychological intervention for bipolar disorder, with its structured 6-session psychoeducation phase (Phase 1) targeting understanding of the disorder, medication adherence, early warning signs, and coping with symptoms and triggers. The present study tested the efficacy of Phase 1 of the LGP on symptom recovery and moment-by-moment mood stability, as well as medication adherence and quality of life. METHODS: Adults with bipolar disorder were randomly allocated to the LGP condition (six weekly group sessions) or the waitlist condition (six weeks of standard care, followed by the same LGP intervention). Participants were assessed before and after treatment, and at 6-month follow up. Waitlist participants were additionally assessed at baseline. Assessment included a clinical interview (SCID, MADRS, YMRS, and HAM-A), self-reported questionnaires, and 6-day experience sampling assessment on a mobile device. RESULTS: 64 out-patients with bipolar disorder (44 Bipolar I and 20 Bipolar II subtypes) participated in this study. LGP was well received and attended. Following LGP, there were significant improvements in knowledge about illness and level of anxiety, which were of large effect sizes and sustained at 6-month follow-up. Experience sampling assessment revealed small but significant improvements in moment-by-moment mood stability. Improvement in medication adherence was significant at 6 months and was of a moderate-to-large effect size. Changes in anxiety and mood stability were significantly greater following LGP than standard care. LIMITATIONS: Our results warrant further testing against active control. CONCLUSIONS: There was a robust improvement in emotional regulation following the 6-week LGP.

Moment-to-moment interaction between affectivity and coping behaviours in bipolar disorder and the role of cognitive appraisals.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with bipolar disorder respond to affective symptoms with a range of coping behaviours, which may further maintain the symptoms. AIMS: To examine moment-to-moment dynamics between affective states and coping behaviours, and to evaluate the role of cognitive appraisals of internal states as moderators. METHOD: Forty-six individuals with bipolar disorder completed a clinical interview and an experience sampling assessment over 6 days. Time-lagged analyses were conducted by multilevel regression modelling. RESULTS: A total of 1807 momentary entries were analysed. Negative affect predicted an increase in rumination at the subsequent time point (ß = 0.21, s.e. = 0.08, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.05-0.36), and vice versa (ß = 0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.009, 95% CI 0.01-0.05). Positive affect predicted an increase in adaptive coping (ß = 0.26, s.e. = 0.11, P = 0.018, 95% CI 0.04-0.47), and vice versa (ß = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.019, 95% CI 0.00-0.03). Positive affect also predicted a decrease in rumination (ß = -0.15, s.e. = 0.06, P = 0.014, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.03), and vice versa (ß = -0.03, s.e. = 0.01, P = 0.016, 95% CI -0.06 to -0.01). Extreme cognitive appraisals predicted stronger associations between affective states and coping behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Feedback loops between affective states and coping behaviours were revealed in the daily life of individuals with bipolar disorder, which were moderated by extreme cognitive appraisals. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: None.

What to wear? The influence of attire on the perceived professionalism of dentists and lawyers.

Using a sample of 201 participants and a between-subjects design, the perceived professionalism-suitability, capability, ease to talk to and friendliness-of male and female dentists and lawyers in various attires was examined. Results showed an absolute preference for male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire, respectively. Male dentists and lawyers in professional and formal attire were further rated as more suitable, capable, easier to talk to, and friendlier than female professionals, and than those dressed in smart or casual attire. Results are discussed in terms of positive dental outcomes and legal representation. Limitations are considered.