Emergency preparedness and response (EP&R) by pharmacy professionals in India: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and the way forward.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of Emergency Preparedness & Response (EP&R) education, training, capacity building and infrastructure development in India. During the pandemic, pharmacy professionals (PPs) in India have continued to provide medications, supplies and services. India's public-private healthcare system is complex and of variable quality. Lacunae in pharmacy education, training, and lack of resolution around pharmacist roles present challenges in providing health services to patients. Such lack of differentiation creates challenges around role specifications and appropriate placement of PPs in patient care and on EP&R task forces or representation at the policy level. This study aimed to gain rapid insights from PPs in India regarding their roles and preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey comprising 20 questions regarding EP&R and Operations management was developed using the Qualtrics® survey software and administered to a sample of PPs. Survey results indicate that PPs were actively involved in essential pharmacy services despite minimal EP&R training. Based on lessons learned during COVID-19, lacunae in knowledge, training and regulations were identified and recommendations are provided to broaden PP roles and enable them to be better prepared and actively engaged in EP&R for future emergencies.

Development of a new method to preserve caprine cauda epididymal spermatozoa in-situ at -10 degrees C with electrolyte free medium.

PURPOSE: In-situ preservation of cauda epididymal spermatozoa at -10 degrees C with electrolyte free media for obtaining maximum functional gametes than preservation at 5 degrees C. METHODS: Electrolyte free media prepared with soybean lecithin-glycerol, Coenzyme Q10 - glycerol and soybean lecithin - Coenzyme Q10- glycerol were inoculated separately into ligated cauda epididymides, equilibrated 2 h at 5 degrees C, wrapped with aluminium foil and freezed at - 10 degrees C. Spermatozoan characters were evaluated 7 and 21 days after thawing at 38.5 degrees C in a water bath for 5 min. RESULTS: Spermatozoan characteristics were diminished gradually and significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) between the media and observation days. Soybean lecithin-CoenzymeQ10-glycerol effectively protected spermatozoa against cold shock where spermatozoan progressive motility, viability, hypo-osmotic swelling positivity were 30.2 +/- 0.62; 45.2 +/- 0.82 and 41.6 +/- 0.79 percent respectively on day 21. CONCLUSION: This method can be adopted in field conditions for transportation of frozen epididymides and re-utilization of maximum functional gametes to conserve valuable animals after postmortem / slaughter.