Antioxidants Role Against Acrylamide Toxicity on Urogenital System: An Overview

@#Acrylamide (AA) is a chemical substance which is used as a soil stabilizing agent and in the production of copolymers and polymers since 1970. The presence of an AA adduct in food was observed in rats fed with fried food which led to a substantial increase in levels of hemoglobin adduct. Foods that are rich in carbohydrate when prepared at high temperature (above 120 ºC) by baking, toasting, frying, roasting or cooking results in the production of AA by the reaction of the amino acid with glucose present in it. Several studies observed AA toxicity on nervous system, reproductive system, and immune system. To justify this toxicity there is not a clear mechanism described. In this review article the mechanisms of AA toxicity on urogenital system and role of antioxidants against its toxicity has been reviewed. According to previous studies the main factor that induces AA toxicity is oxidative stress. AA treated groups revealed degeneration of the kidney’s epithelial lining and the glomerular tuft. Adverse effect on reproductive system by AA has been evidenced by sperm-head abnormalities, dominant lethal effects, and testicular epithelial tissue degeneration. Therefore, it is advised that modifying of food processing methods and consuming lot of vegetables and fruits containing antioxidants. These antioxidants give us some supports to the cells of our body organs against the AA sources which cause cell defects.

Morphology of the medial meniscus of the knee in human fetuses.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to study the morphology of the medial menisci in human fetal knee joints and to verify the developmental etiology of the discoid meniscus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 106 fetal knee joints and the morphological variants of the shapes of the medial menisci were macroscopically noted and classified. RESULTS: From our observations, 46.2% of the medial menisci were crescentic shaped, 23.6% were sided V-shaped, 13.2% had sided U-shape, 9.4% of them were sickle shaped, and 7.5% were C-shaped. In 54.71% of the cases, the medial meniscus shape was different on either side knees of the fetuses. No discoid medial menisci were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the knees were having crescentic or semi lunar shaped medial menisci and the shape of the medial meniscus was different on right and left side knee joint of the fetuses in more than fifty percent of the cases. The observations favor Kaplan's theory, as there were no discoid medial menisci observed from the fetuses of various gestational ages. Even the youngest fetus (CRL 88 mm, 14 weeks of gestation) exhibited the medial tibial plateau incompletely covered by the menisci, which did not exhibit the discoid shape. The discoid meniscus must be an abnormal finding and is due to abnormal morphogenesis.