Phytohormones-mediated strategies for mitigation of heavy metals toxicity in plants focused on sustainable production.

KEY MESSAGE: In this manuscript, authors reviewed and explore the information on beneficial role of phytohormones to mitigate adverse effects of heavy metals toxicity in plants. Global farming systems are seriously threatened by heavy metals (HMs) toxicity, which can result in decreased crop yields, impaired food safety, and negative environmental effects. A rise in curiosity has been shown recently in creating sustainable methods to reduce HMs toxicity in plants and improve agricultural productivity. To accomplish this, phytohormones, which play a crucial role in controlling plant development and adaptations to stress, have emerged as intriguing possibilities. With a particular focus on environmentally friendly farming methods, the current review provides an overview of phytohormone-mediated strategies for reducing HMs toxicity in plants. Several physiological and biochemical activities, including metal uptake, translocation, detoxification, and stress tolerance, are mediated by phytohormones, such as melatonin, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonates. The current review offers thorough explanations of the ways in which phytohormones respond to HMs to help plants detoxify and strengthen their resilience to metal stress. It is crucial to explore the potential uses of phytohormones as long-term solutions for reducing the harmful effects of HMs in plants. These include accelerating phytoextraction, decreasing metal redistribution to edible plant portions, increasing plant tolerance to HMs by hormonal manipulation, and boosting metal sequestration in roots. These methods seek to increase plant resistance to HMs stress while supporting environmentally friendly agricultural output. In conclusion, phytohormones present potential ways to reduce the toxicity of HMs in plants, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.

Metagenomics reveals the effect of long-term fertilization on carbon cycle in the maize rhizosphere.

Long-term fertilization can result in the changes in carbon (C) cycle in the maize rhizosphere soil. However, there have been few reports on the impacts of microbial regulatory mechanisms on the C cycle in soil. In the study, we analyzed the response of functional genes that regulate the C fixation, decomposition and methane (CH4) metabolism in maize rhizosphere soil to different fertilization treatments using metagenomics analysis. As the dominant C fixation pathway in maize rhizosphere soil, the abundance of the functional genes regulating the reductive citrate cycle (rTCA cycle) including korA, korB, and IHD1 was higher under the chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments [nitrogen fertilizer (N), compound chemical fertilization (NPK), the combination of compound chemical fertilizer with maize straw (NPKS)] than maize straw return treatments [maize straw return (S), the combination of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer with maize straw (PKS)]. The NPK treatment decreased the abundance of functional genes involved in 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle (3-HP cycle; porA, porB, and porD), which was one of the major C fixation pathways in soil aside from dicarboxylate-hydroxybutyrate (DC/4-HB cycle) and Calvin cycle. The abundance of functional genes related to C degradation was higher in S, PKS and NPKS treatments than N and NPK treatments, and chemical N fertilizer application had a significant effect on C degradation. The dominant Methanaogenesis pathway in maize rhizosphere soil, used acetate as a substrate, and was significantly promoted under chemical N fertilizer application. The functional genes that were related to CH4 oxidation (i.e., pmoA and pmoB) were reduced under N and NPK treatments. Moreover, soil chemical properties had a significant impact on the functional genes related to C fixation and degradation, with SOC (r2 = 0.79) and NO3--N (r2 = 0.63) being the main regulators. These results implied that N fertilization rather than maize straw return had a greater influence on the C cycle in maize rhizosphere soil.

A novel fully human anti-CD47 antibody as a potential therapy for human neoplasms with good safety.

Strategies for targeting CD47 are becoming a hot spot of cancer immunotherapy. However the ubiquitous expression of CD47, especially on the RBC, makes the targeted therapy facing safety risk issues. So, how to balance the safety and efficacy during CD47 inhibition is currently a major question. We had reported an anti-CD47 antibody ZF1 with potent anti-tumor effect. In this study, we further developed and assessed a novel fully human anti-CD47 antibody, AMMS4-G4, derived from ZF1 using affinity maturation. AMMS4-G4 exhibited equivalent anticancer effects with Hu5F9-G4, a humanized anti-CD47 antibody in clinical trial, on the potential of inducing significant phagocytosis of tumor cells in vitro and prolonging the survival of leukemia xenografted mice. Additionally, AMMS4-G4 significantly inhibited the growth of grafted solid tumors by enhancing macrophage infiltration and modestly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of opsonizing antibody and antiangiogenic therapy. In cynomolgus monkeys, AMMS4-G4 was safely administered, was well tolerated at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and did not produce serious adverse events, except for the reversible anemia, which was observed after 3 days and started to recover from 9 days later. Remarkably, it was proved by in vitro assay that Hu5F9-G4 induced RBC hemagglutination which wasn't observed in AMMS4-G4. On the whole, AMMS4-G4 was demonstrated to be a promising candidate with great potential and safe profile for cancer immunotherapy.

Air-Stable Black Phosphorus Devices for Ion Sensing.

Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the most attractive graphene analogues, and its properties make it a promising nanomaterial for chemical sensing. However, mono- and few-layer BP flakes are reported to chemically degrade rapidly upon exposure to ambient conditions. Therefore, little is known about the performance and sensing mechanism of intrinsic BP, and chemical sensing of intrinsic BP with acceptable air stability remains only theoretically explored. Here, we experimentally demonstrated the first air-stable high-performance BP sensor using ionophore coating. Ionophore-encapsulated BP demonstrated significantly improved air stability. Its performance and sensing mechanism for trace ion detection were systematically investigated. The BP sensors were able to realize multiplex ion detection with superb selectivity, and sensitive to Pb(2+) down to 1 ppb. Additionally, the time constant for ion adsorption extracted was only 5 s. The detection limit and response rate of BP were both superior to those of graphene based sensors. Moreover, heavy metal ions can be effectively detected over a wide range of concentration with BP conductance change following the Langmuir isotherm for molecules adsorption on surface. The simplicity of this ionophore-encapsulate approach provides a route for achieving air-stable intrinsic black phosphorus sensors that may stimulate further fundamental research and potential applications.

Increasing stability of antibody via antibody engineering: stability engineering on an anti-hVEGF.

Antibody stability is very important for expression, activity, specificity, and storage. This knowledge of antibody structure has made it possible for a computer-aided molecule design to be used to optimize and increase antibody stability. Many computational methods have been built based on knowledge or structure, however, a good integrated engineering system has yet to be developed that combines these methods. In the current study, we designed an integrated computer-aided engineering protocol, which included several successful methods. Mutants were designed considering factors that affected stability and multiwall filter screening was used to improve the design accuracy. Using this protocol, the thermo-stability of an anti-hVEGF antibody was significantly improved. Nearly 40% of the single-point mutants proved to be more stable than the parent antibody and most of the mutations could be stacked effectively. The T50 also improved about 7°C by combinational mutation of seven sites in the light chain and three sites in the heavy chain. Data indicate that the protocol is an effective method for optimization of antibody structure, especially for improving thermo-stability. This protocol could also be used to enhance the stability of other antibodies.