Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) source profiles of on-road vehicle emissions in China.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) source profiles of on-road vehicles were widely studied as their critical roles in VOCs source apportionment and abatement measures in megacities. Studies of VOCs source profiles from on-road motor vehicles from 2001 to 2016 were summarized in this study, with a focus on the comparisons among different studies and the potential impact of different factors. Generally, non-methane hydrocarbons dominated the source profile of on-road vehicle emissions. Carbonyls, potential important components of vehicle emission, were seldom considered in VOCs emissions of vehicles in the past and should be paid more attention to in further study. VOCs source profiles showed some variations among different studies, and 6 factors were extracted and studied due to their impact to VOCs source profile of on-road vehicles. Vehicle types, being dependent on engine types, and fuel types were two dominant factors impacting VOCs sources profiles of vehicles. In comparison, impacts of ignitions, driving conditions and accumulated mileage were mainly due to their influence on the combustion efficiency. An opening and interactive database of VOCs from vehicle emissions was critically essential in future, and mechanisms of sharing and inputting relative research results should be formed to encourage researchers join the database establishment. Correspondingly, detailed quality assurance and quality control procedures were also very important, which included the information of test vehicles and test methods as detailed as possible. Based on the community above, a better uncertainty analysis could be carried out for the VOCs emissions profiles, which was critically important to understand the VOCs emission characteristics of the vehicle emissions.

Case-control study on volar and dorsal plate for the treatment of dorsal unstable distal radius fractures / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the internal fixation methods in the two different surgical approach to the unstable distal radius fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From August 2006 to October 2010,47 patients with distal radius fractures were treated with open reduction and plate internal fixation. Among the patients, 21 patients were male and 26 patients were female,ranging in age from 39 to 73 years old. All the patients were divided into two groups: 32 patients were treated with plate fixation at the palm side with palm side incision (group A),including locking plate used in 27 patients and ordinary T shape plate used in 5 patients; 15 patients were treated with dorsal plate fixation (group B), including locking plate used in 7 patients and ordinpry T shape plate used in 8 patients. The postoperative wrist function, X-ray score,complications were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compare to preoperative, postoperative volar tilt,ulnar deviation and radial styloid height of both groups improved; and comparison between 1 week after operation and 6 months after operation,volar tilt,ulnar deviation and radial styloid height of both groups had no obvious loss. In group A, 1 patient had tension injury of median nerve, 1 patient had incision infection, 2 patients had adhesion of tendon; and in group B,1 patient had incision swelling and infection, 1 patient had adhesion of tendon,3 patients had stimulation of extensor pollicis longus muscle tendon. The complication occurrence rate of group A is lower than that of group B. The wrist functional assessment: 17 patients got an excellent results, 11 good, 3 poor and 1 bad in group A; and 8 excellent, 4 good, 2 poor and 1 bad in group B. There was no statistically significant difference of wrist function between the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Plate fixation at the palm side for the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures can also achieve a good reduction,and has less complication such as tendon damage than that of dorsal plate fixation.</p>

Impact of ambient air pollution on public health under various traffic policies in Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the potential impact of ambient air pollution on public health under various traffic policies in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The exposure level of Shanghai residents to air pollution under various planned traffic scenarios was estimated, and the public health impact was assessed using concentration-response functions derived from available epidemiological studies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Our results showed that ambient air pollution in relation to traffic scenarios had a significant impact on the future health status of Shanghai residents. Compared with the base case scenario, implementation of various traffic scenarios could prevent 759-1574, 1885-2420, and 2277-2650 PM10-related avoidable deaths (mean-value) in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. It could also decrease the incidence of several relevant diseases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our findings emphasize the need to consider air pollution-related health effects as an important impact of traffic policy in Shanghai.</p>

Application of DALYs in measuring health effect of ambient air pollution: a case study in Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of ambient air pollution on human health and the subsequent disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used epidemiology-based exposure-response functions to calculate the attributable number of cases due to air pollution in Shanghai in 2000, and then we estimated the corresponding DALYs lost in Shanghai based on unit DALYs values of the health consequences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ambient air pollution caused 103,064 DALYs lost in Shanghai in 2000. Among all the health endpoints, premature deaths and chronic bronchitis predominated in the value of total DALYs lost.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The air pollution levels have an adverse effect on the general population health and strengthen the rationale for limiting the levels of air pollution in outdoor air in Shanghai.</p>

Establishment of exposure-response functions of air particulate matter and adverse health outcomes in China and worldwide / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To obtain the exposure-response functions that could be used in health-based risk assessment of particulate air pollution in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Meta analysis was conducted on the literatures on air particulate matter and its adverse health outcomes in China and worldwide.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For each health outcome from morbidity to mortality changes, the relative risks were estimated when the concentration of air particulate matter increased to some certain units.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The exposure-response functions recommended here can be further applied to health risk assessment of air particulate matter in China.</p>