Persistence of space radiation induced cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts.

Cytogenetic damage was assessed in blood lymphocytes from 16 astronauts before and after they participated in long-duration space missions of 3 months or more. The frequency of chromosome damage was measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) chromosome painting before flight and at various intervals from a few days to many months after return from the mission. For all individuals, the frequency of chromosome exchanges measured within a month of return from space was higher than their preflight yield. However, some individuals showed a temporal decline in chromosome damage with time after flight. Statistical analysis using combined data for all astronauts indicated a significant overall decreasing trend in total chromosome exchanges with time after flight, although this trend was not seen for all astronauts and the yield of chromosome damage in some individuals actually increased with time after flight. The decreasing trend in total exchanges was slightly more significant when statistical analysis was restricted to data collected more than 220 days after return from flight. When analysis was restricted to data collected within 220 days of return from the mission there was no relationship between total exchanges and time. Translocation yields varied more between astronauts and there was only a slight non-significant decrease with time after flight that was similar for both later and earlier sampling times.

A survey of obstetric malpractice in western frontier areas.

A mail survey of 524 physicians in the frontier areas of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming, and the rural areas of Utah was conducted; 286 valid responses were collected (54.6%). Of the respondents, 97% had at some time practiced obstetrics, and, of those now practicing obstetrics, 39% reported they would discontinue providing obstetrical care within the next year. Of those stopping, 95% indicated that malpractice was a major factor in their decision. Of the respondents, 74% indicated that access to obstetric services would be a problem in their areas if they discontinued this type of care.