RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate using tomographic study the thickness of the cranial board at the insertions points of the cranial halo pins in adults. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) scans of adult patients' crania. The study included adults between 20 and 50 years without cranial abnormalities. We excluded any exam with cranial abnormalities. RESULTS: We analyzed 50 CT scans, including 27 men and 23 women, at the original insertion points and alternative points (1 and 2 cm above the frontal and parietal bones). The average values were 7.4333 mm in the frontal bone and 6.0290 mm in the parietal bone. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference between the classical and alternative points, making room for alternative fixings and safer introduction of the pins, if necessary. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective Study.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar, através de estudo tomográfico, a espessura da tábua craniana nos pontos de inserção dos pinos do halo craniano em adultos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal de análise de exames de tomografia computadorizada de crânios de pacientes adultos. Foram incluídos adultos entre 20 e 50 anos sem anormalidades cranianas. Excluiu-se qualquer anormalidade craniana. RESULTADOS: Analisamos 50 tomografias de 27 homens e 23 mulheres nos pontos originais de inserção e em pontos alternativos, 1 e 2 cm acima, nos ossos frontal e parietal. Os valores médios encontrados foram de 7,4333 mm no osso frontal e 6,0290 mm no osso parietal. CONCLUSÃO: Não constatamos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os pontos clássicos e os alternativos, abrindo espaço para fixações alternativas e introdução mais segura dos pinos, em caso de necessidade. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Retrospectivo.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate using tomographic study the thickness of the cranial board at the insertions points of the cranial halo pins in adults Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) scans of adult patients' crania. The study included adults between 20 and 50 years without cranial abnormalities. We excluded any exam with cranial abnormalities Results: We analyzed 50 CT scans, including 27 men and 23 women, at the original insertion points and alternative points (1 and 2 cm above the frontal and parietal bones). The average values were 7.4333 mm in the frontal bone and 6.0290 mm in the parietal bone Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference between the classical and alternative points, making room for alternative fixings and safer introduction of the pins, if necessary. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective Study.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar, através de estudo tomográfico, a espessura da tábua craniana nos pontos de inserção dos pinos do halo craniano em adultos. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal de análise de exames de tomografia computadorizada de crânios de pacientes adultos. Foram incluídos adultos entre 20 e 50 anos sem anormalidades cranianas. Excluiu-se qualquer anormalidade craniana. Resultados: Analisamos 50 tomografias de 27 homens e 23 mulheres nos pontos originais de inserção e em pontos alternativos, 1 e 2 cm acima, nos ossos frontal e parietal. Os valores médios encontrados foram de 7,4333 mm no osso frontal e 6,0290 mm no osso parietal. Conclusão: Não constatamos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os pontos clássicos e os alternativos, abrindo espaço para fixações alternativas e introdução mais segura dos pinos, em caso de necessidade. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Retrospectivo.
RESUMO
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of Rho-kinase in the modulation of smooth muscle contraction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. However, the effects of repeated treatment with a specific inhibitor of this pathway have not been previously investigated. We evaluated the effects of repeated treatment with Y-27632, a highly selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, on airway hyperresponsiveness, oxidative stress activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, eosinophilic inflammation, and cytokine expression in an animal model of chronic airway inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to seven ovalbumin or saline exposures. The treatment with Y-27632 (1 mM) started at the fifth inhalation. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the animals' pulmonary mechanics were evaluated, and exhaled nitric oxide (E(NO)) was collected. The lungs were removed, and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. Treatment with Y-27632 in sensitized animals reduced E(NO) concentrations, maximal responses of resistance, elastance of the respiratory system, eosinophil counts, collagen and elastic fiber contents, the numbers of cells positive for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-ß, NF-κB, IFN-γ, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α contents compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05). We observed positive correlations among the functional responses and inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress pathway activation markers evaluated. In conclusion, Rho-kinase pathway activation contributes to the potentiation of the hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, the extracellular matrix remodeling process, and oxidative stress activation. These results suggest that Rho-kinase inhibitors represent potential pharmacological tools for the control of asthma.
