L'Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées au Canada: Explorer la relation entre l'existence de critiques externes et la prise de parole des témoins lors des audiences communautaires.

Faced with the alarming rates of disappearances and murders of Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQQIA+ people in Canada and in response to the demands of victims' families and Indigenous women's associations, the Canadian government set up the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (2016-2019). Its mandate: to identify the systemic causes of violence and produce effective recommendations to remedy them. From its announcement and during the course of its work, the inquiry faced a great deal of criticism, particularly from families and Indigenous women's associations, undermining the trust of many in the commissioners and in the process. It was thus against the backdrop of those brewing tensions that many people affected by the violence came forward to tell their stories at community hearings held across the country. As we consider public testimony to be a vector of social agency for these witnesses, we ask how external critiques conveyed in the media sphere influenced these narrative spaces internal to the inquiry. Through the use of computer-assisted text analysis (based in textometry) applied on a corpus of transcripts from the fifteen community hearings, we were able to identify the presence of certain criticisms, which occupied a relatively small space in the hearings. What's more, our explorations enabled us to reveal that witnesses bore a dual responsibility: to tell their story and to avoid downgrading the investigation in progress.

Face aux taux alarmants de disparitions et d'assassinats des femmes, des filles et des personnes 2ELGBTQQIA+ autochtones au Canada et en réponse aux revendications de familles de victimes et d'associations de femmes autochtones, le gouvernement canadien a mis sur pied l'Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées (2016-2019). Son mandat : cerner les causes systémiques de la violence et produire des recommandations efficaces pour y remédier. Dès sa mise sur pied, et au cours de ses travaux, l'enquête a essuyé plusieurs critiques, venant notamment des familles et des associations de femmes autochtones, sapant ainsi la confiance de plusieurs envers les commissaires et le processus. C'est dans ce contexte tendu que de nombreuses personnes affectées par ces violences sont venues raconter leur histoire lors des audiences communautaires tenues à travers le pays. Considérant le témoignage public comme vecteur d'agencéité sociale pour ces témoins, nous nous demandons comment les critiques externes véhiculées dans la sphère médiatique ont influencé ces espaces narratifs intérieurs à l'enquête. En étudiant un corpus de transcriptions des quinze audiences communautaires, d'après une méthodologie d'analyse textuelle assistée par ordinateur empruntant à la textométrie, nous avons été en mesure d'identifier la présence de certaines critiques, lesquelles ont occupé un espace relativement réduit dans les audiences. De surcroît, nos explorations nous ont permis de révéler que les témoins portaient une double responsabilité : raconter leur histoire et éviter de déqualifier l'enquête en cours.

What's inside is all that counts? The contours of everyday thinking about self-control.

Does self-control require willpower? The question cuts to the heart of a debate about whether self-control is identical with some psychological process internal to the agents or not. Noticeably absent from these debates is systematic evidence about the folk-psychological category of self-control. Here, we present the results of two behavioral studies (N = 296) that indicate the structure of everyday use of the concept. In Study 1, participants rated the degree to which different strategies to respond to motivational conflict exemplify self-control. Participants distinguished between intra-psychic and externally-scaffolded strategies and judged that the former exemplified self-control more than the latter. In Study 2, participants provided various solutions to manage motivational conflict and rated their proposals on effectiveness. Participants produced substantially more intra-psychic strategies, rated them as more effective, and advised them at a higher rate than externally-scaffolded strategies. Taken together, these results suggest that while people recognize a plurality of strategies as genuine instances of self-control, purely internal exercises of self-control are considered more prototypical than their externally-scaffolded counterparts. This implies a hierarchical structure for the folk psychological category of self-control. The concept encompasses a variety of regulatory strategies and organizes these strategies along a hierarchical continuum, with purely intra-psychic strategies at the center and scaffolded strategies in the periphery. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13164-021-00573-2.